Features
Shakespeare: man for all seasons
by Kumar David
Many people do not realise that in William Shakespeare’s (WS) plays the prose, the drama part, is actually verse, it is poetry and needs to be enunciated with the rhythm of reciting poetry. While he did not invent it, WS invariably used what is called iambic pentameter for the text, the spoken portion, of his plays. Of course, this does not include stage instructions such as “Exit the King” and “Enter a Messenger”.
I will deal with pentameter first and then the elusive iambic. But before that I need to settle a grouse; a grouse with the experts (Doric, Ashly, Yasmine, Panini and no doubt many more). You see these chaps never, ever, told us any of this; not even that the dramatic prose is actually poetry and needs to be enunciated as such if one is to capture the beauty of WS’s writings. This is why it is said that WS must be read out aloud, the lilt and rhythm must be captured when enunciating even the apparent prose. My grouse is that none of these experts ever told us. I am sure they deal with these things in their Honours Course English literature seminars, but the rest of us laymen they treated as vermin unworthy of revelation. My biggest grouse is with Comrade Doric who I knew ever so well for decades – he was a Party leader. I learnt politics from him, agreed with him, disagreed with him and eventually split from him politically. Whenever he cared to refer to WS it was the plot, the story line, the struggles for power and the political lessons to learn therefrom. Not a word about the other Shakespeare.
OK, having got this off my chest let me move on. A pentameter is a poetic unit of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable (de-DUM.) Penta is the Greek word for five, pentagon for example. Therefore, a pentameter contains five two-syllable rhythms the first usually unstressed the second stressed, a total of ten syllables. The best-known text-book examples are,
If music be the food of love, play on. (Twelfth Night)
O that this too too solid flesh would melt! (Hamlet)
But, soft! what light through yon-der {2 syllables} win-dow {2 syllables} breaks? (Romeo and Juliet)
(I use {x} to indicate a multi syllabic word of x syllables – KD)
What does the elusive term iambic add to this? In my experience absolutely nothing. I have poured through WS study guides, spent a few hours with the 2152 page New Oxford English Dictionary which sent me round in circles on trip through ‘iamb’, ‘pentameter’ and a strange, frankly meaningless term called ‘prosody’ but I learnt nothing, even from a time-consuming web-search. If you will take my advice forget about ‘iamabic’ it adds nothing to an understanding of WS’s rhythmic meter. Or perchance this ‘prosody’ fellow may let us in on a naughty Shakespearean secret because the word indicates vagueness.
Actually, WS was very naughty in his syllable counting; often doing an 11-syllable line and following it with a nine-syllable line by way of apology; or equally often doing it the other way around.
To be, or not to be, that is the question : (Goody 10 syllables)Whe-ther {2} ’tis nob-ler {2} in the mind to suffer: (Good 10 again)The slings and arr-ows of out-rag-eous for-tune : (Hmm 11 syllables)Or to take arms aga-inst {2} a sea of tro-ubles {2}: (Hmm 11 syllables again)
And by opp-osing end them. To die—to sleep: (Back to 10 syllables)No more; and by a sleep to say we end – (Oh 9 syllables)The heart-ache {2} and the thou-sand {2} na-tu-ral {3} shocks: (11 syllables to balance)That flesh is heir to: ’tis a con-sum-mation {3}: (9 syllables! Again, Oh dear)De-vou-tly {3} to be wish-’d {2}. To die, to sleep: (Back 10 syllables)
What is obvious is that enunciation, the way in which the on-stage speaker utters the syllables of each word is crucial to preserving rhythmic balance. WS was indeed a naughty practitioner of pentameter.
Here is a purple passage that I cannot resistAntony and Cleopatra, Act II, Scene II
The barge she sat in, like a bur-nish’d {2} throne: (10 syllables, ok)
Burned on the wa-ter {2}: the poop was bea-ten {2} gold: (11 syllables unless you rush)
Pur-ple {2} the sails, and so per-fumed {2} that: (9 syllable; no way of increasing)
The winds were love-sick {2} with them; the oars were sil-ver {2}: (11 syllables, but forced)
[And thus, it goes on till we reach]
…………………. For her own person,
……………… It beggar’d all description:
[All rhythm is broken to startle. Get out your copy of WS and read on for pure purple pleasure – KD]
The Shakespeare Canon
That’s enough about Shakespearean dramatic prose being verse, poetry. I will next say something about the content of the plays themselves. I would have loved to include Hamlet but I am too biased; few would disagree that it is the greatest literary work in the English tongue. I am tempted to say in any language but I have not read Homer, Kamban, Cervantes and Dostoevsky except in translation. I have therefore restricted this essay to Anthony & Cleopatra, Julius Caesar and Othello. I chose plays whose plot and moral compass have some current relevance by putting the magnificence of literature at the command of everyday life and crisis – global or domestic.
Anthony & Cleopatra
This is political drama, a depiction of the titanic, in modern usage global, conflict between Rome and Egypt. In modern times in the case of America and China it is also Thucydidean. Rome is desperate to get back its finest general Mark Anthony (America and China are desperate to get back or retain their most able final experts and technologists). Then and now there were/are outlanders incessantly complicating the equation whether by the name of Sextus Pompeius, Vladimir Putin or Recep Tyyip Erdogan.
The timeless ring of great literature ignites the mundane in daily life to spring into reality. This is how the great fills out the everyday. By providing depth of perspective it makes the silly familiar strategist and the armchair analyst appear as unintelligent as powerful decision makers, whether domestic within this island or global. When couched in the timeless, the everyday takes on a resonance. The Anthony & Cleopatra story is also famously entangled in the love affair between a great general and she who is fabled to be the most beautiful woman ever. That’s the spice. The endless spice in Colombo’s gossip and Donald Trump’s self-declared love of pussies can aptly be captured in great idioms borrowed from the past
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar is pure political drama. Even conversation on the streets of Rome is filled with politics. Which remark in a Colombo street or market, which chatter in social-media and every conversation in a drawing room does not pulse with political content? Why we can teach the Romans “When in Colombo do as Colombo does!” Sri Lanka is in ferment. Hardly five years pass without mighty change – 1956, ‘70, ‘75, 1977-82, ’89, 2009; the list in endless. Of the people, tribunes Flavius and Murellus put it better than any commentator in Colombo, “You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things”.
What character does Mahinda Rajapaksa mimic? Maybe Brutus eh who once praised Caesar, then stabbed him “the unkindest cut of all”, and then rose in revolt against him. Mahinda certainly has played as many roles in his life but perhaps a line or two from the play can capture it all “Now in the name of all the gods at once, upon what meat does this our (Mahinda) feed that he is grown so great?” To be fair Anthony, over Brutus’ dead body did declare “This was the noblest Roman of them all. All the others, save only he, did that they did in envy of great Caesar. He, only in a general honest thought”. Who in Lanka’s political story comes close to earning such an accolade – NM, Ponnambalam Arunachalam?
Othello
I have chosen Othello for my third example because it is the story of a black man, a Moor who “served the state not wisely but too well”. Did WS have in mind our GG, father and son, or Douglas, or many of our Al Haj gentlemen? The story of race, religion, colour and prejudice are now so much a part of our world both locally and globally that the nuances of the story ring ever true.
But it is the personal tragedy that dominates the play. The story of Othello’s betrayal is timeless and heart rending. It is a problem that we face at every turn in our lives. If someone close to acts wrongfully (fraud, misrepresentation in a family or criminal matter etc.) What should one do? Expose the person even if a son or daughter, wife or sibling? Or cover-up actively or by silence? The tragedy is doubled in the case of Desdemona and Othello in that the accusation of infidelity against Desdemona is false. A good, upright, simple and decent man is betrayed by his trusted friend Iago and foolishly misled by circumstances. Was Othello a simpleton, partly to blame for his own downfall? He/she among us who is free of sin may cast the first stone!
Even Shakespeare surely excels himself in the beauty and pathos of the following lines. Don’t you agree? Were he to quench Desdemona’s life, where can he find that Promethean flame that can restore its light? No wonder people are so opposed to the death penalty even for alleged murderers, torturers and rapists; even serial offenders. What tricks the tiny DNA molecule has played on prosecutors and judges.
“Put out the light, and then put out the light:If I quench thee, thou flaming minister,I can again thy former light restoreShould I repent me; but once put out thy light,Thou cunning’st pattern of excelling nature,I know not where is that Promethean heatThat can thy light relume”.
Othello (5.2.9-15)
by Dr Gotabhya Ranasinghe
Senior Consultant Cardiologist
National Hospital Sri Lanka
When we sought a meeting with Hon Dr. Ramesh Pathirana, Minister of Health, he graciously cleared his busy schedule to accommodate us. Renowned for his attentive listening and deep understanding, Minister Pathirana is dedicated to advancing the health sector. His openness and transparency exemplify the qualities of an exemplary politician and minister.
Dr. Palitha Mahipala, the current Health Secretary, demonstrates both commendable enthusiasm and unwavering support. This combination of attributes makes him a highly compatible colleague for the esteemed Minister of Health.
Our discussion centered on a project that has been in the works for the past 30 years, one that no other minister had managed to advance.
Minister Pathirana, however, recognized the project’s significance and its potential to revolutionize care for heart patients.
The project involves the construction of a state-of-the-art facility at the premises of the National Hospital Colombo. The project’s location within the premises of the National Hospital underscores its importance and relevance to the healthcare infrastructure of the nation.
This facility will include a cardiology building and a tertiary care center, equipped with the latest technology to handle and treat all types of heart-related conditions and surgeries.
Securing funding was a major milestone for this initiative. Minister Pathirana successfully obtained approval for a $40 billion loan from the Asian Development Bank. With the funding in place, the foundation stone is scheduled to be laid in September this year, and construction will begin in January 2025.
This project guarantees a consistent and uninterrupted supply of stents and related medications for heart patients. As a result, patients will have timely access to essential medical supplies during their treatment and recovery. By securing these critical resources, the project aims to enhance patient outcomes, minimize treatment delays, and maintain the highest standards of cardiac care.
Upon its fruition, this monumental building will serve as a beacon of hope and healing, symbolizing the unwavering dedication to improving patient outcomes and fostering a healthier society.We anticipate a future marked by significant progress and positive outcomes in Sri Lanka’s cardiovascular treatment landscape within the foreseeable timeframe.
by Fr. Emmanuel Fernando, OMI
Jesuit Fr. Aloysius Pieris (affectionately called Fr. Aloy) celebrated his 90th birthday on April 9, 2024 and I, as the editor of our Oblate Journal, THE MISSIONARY OBLATE had gone to press by that time. Immediately I decided to publish an article, appreciating the untiring selfless services he continues to offer for inter-Faith dialogue, the renewal of the Catholic Church, his concern for the poor and the suffering Sri Lankan masses and to me, the present writer.
It was in 1988, when I was appointed Director of the Oblate Scholastics at Ampitiya by the then Oblate Provincial Fr. Anselm Silva, that I came to know Fr. Aloy more closely. Knowing well his expertise in matters spiritual, theological, Indological and pastoral, and with the collaborative spirit of my companion-formators, our Oblate Scholastics were sent to Tulana, the Research and Encounter Centre, Kelaniya, of which he is the Founder-Director, for ‘exposure-programmes’ on matters spiritual, biblical, theological and pastoral. Some of these dimensions according to my view and that of my companion-formators, were not available at the National Seminary, Ampitiya.
Ever since that time, our Oblate formators/ accompaniers at the Oblate Scholasticate, Ampitiya , have continued to send our Oblate Scholastics to Tulana Centre for deepening their insights and convictions regarding matters needed to serve the people in today’s context. Fr. Aloy also had tried very enthusiastically with the Oblate team headed by Frs. Oswald Firth and Clement Waidyasekara to begin a Theologate, directed by the Religious Congregations in Sri Lanka, for the contextual formation/ accompaniment of their members. It should very well be a desired goal of the Leaders / Provincials of the Religious Congregations.
Besides being a formator/accompanier at the Oblate Scholasticate, I was entrusted also with the task of editing and publishing our Oblate journal, ‘The Missionary Oblate’. To maintain the quality of the journal I continue to depend on Fr. Aloy for his thought-provoking and stimulating articles on Biblical Spirituality, Biblical Theology and Ecclesiology. I am very grateful to him for his generous assistance. Of late, his writings on renewal of the Church, initiated by Pope St. John XX111 and continued by Pope Francis through the Synodal path, published in our Oblate journal, enable our readers to focus their attention also on the needed renewal in the Catholic Church in Sri Lanka. Fr. Aloy appreciated very much the Synodal path adopted by the Jesuit Pope Francis for the renewal of the Church, rooted very much on prayerful discernment. In my Religious and presbyteral life, Fr.Aloy continues to be my spiritual animator / guide and ongoing formator / acccompanier.
Fr. Aloysius Pieris, BA Hons (Lond), LPh (SHC, India), STL (PFT, Naples), PhD (SLU/VC), ThD (Tilburg), D.Ltt (KU), has been one of the eminent Asian theologians well recognized internationally and one who has lectured and held visiting chairs in many universities both in the West and in the East. Many members of Religious Congregations from Asian countries have benefited from his lectures and guidance in the East Asian Pastoral Institute (EAPI) in Manila, Philippines. He had been a Theologian consulted by the Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences for many years. During his professorship at the Gregorian University in Rome, he was called to be a member of a special group of advisers on other religions consulted by Pope Paul VI.
Fr. Aloy is the author of more than 30 books and well over 500 Research Papers. Some of his books and articles have been translated and published in several countries. Among those books, one can find the following: 1) The Genesis of an Asian Theology of Liberation (An Autobiographical Excursus on the Art of Theologising in Asia, 2) An Asian Theology of Liberation, 3) Providential Timeliness of Vatican 11 (a long-overdue halt to a scandalous millennium, 4) Give Vatican 11 a chance, 5) Leadership in the Church, 6) Relishing our faith in working for justice (Themes for study and discussion), 7) A Message meant mainly, not exclusively for Jesuits (Background information necessary for helping Francis renew the Church), 8) Lent in Lanka (Reflections and Resolutions, 9) Love meets wisdom (A Christian Experience of Buddhism, 10) Fire and Water 11) God’s Reign for God’s poor, 12) Our Unhiddden Agenda (How we Jesuits work, pray and form our men). He is also the Editor of two journals, Vagdevi, Journal of Religious Reflection and Dialogue, New Series.
Fr. Aloy has a BA in Pali and Sanskrit from the University of London and a Ph.D in Buddhist Philosophy from the University of Sri Lankan, Vidyodaya Campus. On Nov. 23, 2019, he was awarded the prestigious honorary Doctorate of Literature (D.Litt) by the Chancellor of the University of Kelaniya, the Most Venerable Welamitiyawe Dharmakirthi Sri Kusala Dhamma Thera.
Fr. Aloy continues to be a promoter of Gospel values and virtues. Justice as a constitutive dimension of love and social concern for the downtrodden masses are very much noted in his life and work. He had very much appreciated the commitment of the late Fr. Joseph (Joe) Fernando, the National Director of the Social and Economic Centre (SEDEC) for the poor.
In Sri Lanka, a few religious Congregations – the Good Shepherd Sisters, the Christian Brothers, the Marist Brothers and the Oblates – have invited him to animate their members especially during their Provincial Congresses, Chapters and International Conferences. The mainline Christian Churches also have sought his advice and followed his seminars. I, for one, regret very much, that the Sri Lankan authorities of the Catholic Church –today’s Hierarchy—- have not sought Fr.
Aloy’s expertise for the renewal of the Catholic Church in Sri Lanka and thus have not benefited from the immense store of wisdom and insight that he can offer to our local Church while the Sri Lankan bishops who governed the Catholic church in the immediate aftermath of the Second Vatican Council (Edmund Fernando OMI, Anthony de Saram, Leo Nanayakkara OSB, Frank Marcus Fernando, Paul Perera,) visited him and consulted him on many matters. Among the Tamil Bishops, Bishop Rayappu Joseph was keeping close contact with him and Bishop J. Deogupillai hosted him and his team visiting him after the horrible Black July massacre of Tamils.
Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement
By Gomi Senadhira
senadhiragomi@gmail.com
“You might tell fairy tales, but the progress of a country cannot be achieved through such narratives. A country cannot be developed by making false promises. The country moved backward because of the electoral promises made by political parties throughout time. We have witnessed that the ultimate result of this is the country becoming bankrupt. Unfortunately, many segments of the population have not come to realize this yet.” – President Ranil Wickremesinghe, 2024 Budget speech
Any Sri Lankan would agree with the above words of President Wickremesinghe on the false promises our politicians and officials make and the fairy tales they narrate which bankrupted this country. So, to understand this, let’s look at one such fairy tale with lots of false promises; Ranil Wickremesinghe’s greatest achievement in the area of international trade and investment promotion during the Yahapalana period, Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (SLSFTA).
It is appropriate and timely to do it now as Finance Minister Wickremesinghe has just presented to parliament a bill on the National Policy on Economic Transformation which includes the establishment of an Office for International Trade and the Sri Lanka Institute of Economics and International Trade.
Was SLSFTA a “Cleverly negotiated Free Trade Agreement” as stated by the (former) Minister of Development Strategies and International Trade Malik Samarawickrama during the Parliamentary Debate on the SLSFTA in July 2018, or a colossal blunder covered up with lies, false promises, and fairy tales? After SLSFTA was signed there were a number of fairy tales published on this agreement by the Ministry of Development Strategies and International, Institute of Policy Studies, and others.
However, for this article, I would like to limit my comments to the speech by Minister Samarawickrama during the Parliamentary Debate, and the two most important areas in the agreement which were covered up with lies, fairy tales, and false promises, namely: revenue loss for Sri Lanka and Investment from Singapore. On the other important area, “Waste products dumping” I do not want to comment here as I have written extensively on the issue.
1. The revenue loss
During the Parliamentary Debate in July 2018, Minister Samarawickrama stated “…. let me reiterate that this FTA with Singapore has been very cleverly negotiated by us…. The liberalisation programme under this FTA has been carefully designed to have the least impact on domestic industry and revenue collection. We have included all revenue sensitive items in the negative list of items which will not be subject to removal of tariff. Therefore, 97.8% revenue from Customs duty is protected. Our tariff liberalisation will take place over a period of 12-15 years! In fact, the revenue earned through tariffs on goods imported from Singapore last year was Rs. 35 billion.
The revenue loss for over the next 15 years due to the FTA is only Rs. 733 million– which when annualised, on average, is just Rs. 51 million. That is just 0.14% per year! So anyone who claims the Singapore FTA causes revenue loss to the Government cannot do basic arithmetic! Mr. Speaker, in conclusion, I call on my fellow members of this House – don’t mislead the public with baseless criticism that is not grounded in facts. Don’t look at petty politics and use these issues for your own political survival.”
I was surprised to read the minister’s speech because an article published in January 2018 in “The Straits Times“, based on information released by the Singaporean Negotiators stated, “…. With the FTA, tariff savings for Singapore exports are estimated to hit $10 million annually“.
As the annual tariff savings (that is the revenue loss for Sri Lanka) calculated by the Singaporean Negotiators, Singaporean $ 10 million (Sri Lankan rupees 1,200 million in 2018) was way above the rupees’ 733 million revenue loss for 15 years estimated by the Sri Lankan negotiators, it was clear to any observer that one of the parties to the agreement had not done the basic arithmetic!
Six years later, according to a report published by “The Morning” newspaper, speaking at the Committee on Public Finance (COPF) on 7th May 2024, Mr Samarawickrama’s chief trade negotiator K.J. Weerasinghehad had admitted “…. that forecasted revenue loss for the Government of Sri Lanka through the Singapore FTA is Rs. 450 million in 2023 and Rs. 1.3 billion in 2024.”
If these numbers are correct, as tariff liberalisation under the SLSFTA has just started, we will pass Rs 2 billion very soon. Then, the question is how Sri Lanka’s trade negotiators made such a colossal blunder. Didn’t they do their basic arithmetic? If they didn’t know how to do basic arithmetic they should have at least done their basic readings. For example, the headline of the article published in The Straits Times in January 2018 was “Singapore, Sri Lanka sign FTA, annual savings of $10m expected”.
Anyway, as Sri Lanka’s chief negotiator reiterated at the COPF meeting that “…. since 99% of the tariffs in Singapore have zero rates of duty, Sri Lanka has agreed on 80% tariff liberalisation over a period of 15 years while expecting Singapore investments to address the imbalance in trade,” let’s turn towards investment.
Investment from Singapore
In July 2018, speaking during the Parliamentary Debate on the FTA this is what Minister Malik Samarawickrama stated on investment from Singapore, “Already, thanks to this FTA, in just the past two-and-a-half months since the agreement came into effect we have received a proposal from Singapore for investment amounting to $ 14.8 billion in an oil refinery for export of petroleum products. In addition, we have proposals for a steel manufacturing plant for exports ($ 1 billion investment), flour milling plant ($ 50 million), sugar refinery ($ 200 million). This adds up to more than $ 16.05 billion in the pipeline on these projects alone.
And all of these projects will create thousands of more jobs for our people. In principle approval has already been granted by the BOI and the investors are awaiting the release of land the environmental approvals to commence the project.
I request the Opposition and those with vested interests to change their narrow-minded thinking and join us to develop our country. We must always look at what is best for the whole community, not just the few who may oppose. We owe it to our people to courageously take decisions that will change their lives for the better.”
According to the media report I quoted earlier, speaking at the Committee on Public Finance (COPF) Chief Negotiator Weerasinghe has admitted that Sri Lanka was not happy with overall Singapore investments that have come in the past few years in return for the trade liberalisation under the Singapore-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement. He has added that between 2021 and 2023 the total investment from Singapore had been around $162 million!
What happened to those projects worth $16 billion negotiated, thanks to the SLSFTA, in just the two-and-a-half months after the agreement came into effect and approved by the BOI? I do not know about the steel manufacturing plant for exports ($ 1 billion investment), flour milling plant ($ 50 million) and sugar refinery ($ 200 million).
However, story of the multibillion-dollar investment in the Petroleum Refinery unfolded in a manner that would qualify it as the best fairy tale with false promises presented by our politicians and the officials, prior to 2019 elections.
Though many Sri Lankans got to know, through the media which repeatedly highlighted a plethora of issues surrounding the project and the questionable credentials of the Singaporean investor, the construction work on the Mirrijiwela Oil Refinery along with the cement factory began on the24th of March 2019 with a bang and Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and his ministers along with the foreign and local dignitaries laid the foundation stones.
That was few months before the 2019 Presidential elections. Inaugurating the construction work Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe said the projects will create thousands of job opportunities in the area and surrounding districts.
The oil refinery, which was to be built over 200 acres of land, with the capacity to refine 200,000 barrels of crude oil per day, was to generate US$7 billion of exports and create 1,500 direct and 3,000 indirect jobs. The construction of the refinery was to be completed in 44 months. Four years later, in August 2023 the Cabinet of Ministers approved the proposal presented by President Ranil Wickremesinghe to cancel the agreement with the investors of the refinery as the project has not been implemented! Can they explain to the country how much money was wasted to produce that fairy tale?
It is obvious that the President, ministers, and officials had made huge blunders and had deliberately misled the public and the parliament on the revenue loss and potential investment from SLSFTA with fairy tales and false promises.
As the president himself said, a country cannot be developed by making false promises or with fairy tales and these false promises and fairy tales had bankrupted the country. “Unfortunately, many segments of the population have not come to realize this yet”.
(The writer, a specialist and an activist on trade and development issues . )
US sports envoys to Lanka to champion youth development
Rahuman questions sudden cancellation of leave of CEB employees
