Features
Ceylon Government Railway – when the Burghers ruled the roost
by ACB Pethiyagoda
In the years gone by little children played games such as olinda, panchi, drafts, guessing games etc. in the evenings when TV had not even been heard of and only a few in the towns owned radios. A common riddle was to name what the Anguru kaka, wathura bibi Colomba duwana yakada yaka was. All players, except the newcomers shouted ‘The Colombo train.’ so Carl Muller’s book titled Yakada Yaka left hardly any one guessing what it was about.
By 1871 the railway had been laid up to Kadugannawa from Colombo and year by year thereafter it covered the rest of the country thanks to the strenuous and consistent efforts of the British ruler. Of course, these efforts were not through concern for the local population but for the quick and cheap transport of produce from their plantations to Colombo for export. The produce at first was coffee, then tea and coffee and later tea and rubber. Passenger transport benefited the people and also contributed to Government’s revenue as the railways then was a paying concern.
Five or six decades ago the Ceylon Government Railway (CGR) later Sri Lanka Railway and now Sri Lanka Railway Authority was a well managed service on par with that in England. It boasted of safety, comfort, reliability and punctuality. On long journeys three course meals were served in the restaurant car on good crockery, with starched napery and gleaming cutlery to First Class ticket holders. This was quite unlike today’s pavement pettikade service.
Up to about the early forties CGR drivers and guards were mostly Burghers while the top management officials were English. Stations were mainly manned by the Sinhalese with a few Malays, in all parts of the country except in the Jaffna Peninsular where the Tamils were a clear majority. Some of them opted to work in Colombo to send their children, particularly sons, to Colombo schools to `better’ their prospects while maintaining a base in the peninsular.
In this hilarious book readers are treated to rib tickling story after story about the Burgher drivers, guards, their wives, sisters, brothers, in-laws, children and their life styles, habits, love affairs etc. Most stories revolve round Sonnaboy a hardworking, hard drinking, devil may-care engine driver who drunk or not physically beat up or tongue lashed anyone and everyone who risked standing up to him. They could be superiors, equals or neighbours in Railway quarters which formed small townships in places such as Anuradhapura, Nawalapitiya etc.
“However, he was good hearted, a popular partyman, relative and friend. The Tamils and Sinhalese rarely, if ever, joined the roistering Burghers because they worked hard, attended to extended family obligations and saved what they could while the Burghers ate, drank and cared less about tomorrow. It was the good life they pursued with little to regret later while members of the other two communities often had neither enjoyed their working lives counting pennies nor retirement battling with rising costs of living on meager pensions “.
According to Muller, Tamils in the service “regarded the Burghers as a vastly inferior race and checked out the minus points with smug self-satisfaction “.
“They, with perhaps Sinhalese fellow workers agreeing, derided the Burghers because they never saved a cent, did not give their daughters dowries, did not go from one astrologer to another or pray to numerous gods for favours like good health and prosperity; with rare evidence of their pleas being heard! They were also shocked that the Burghers “spent freely, borrowed freely and spent what ever they borrowed just as freely. They disapproved of the Burghers for their hard drinking.”
Permitting their children to do just as they liked with no respect for authority and gave no thought about their futures or those of their children. That was of course partly because the Burghers knew their sons would find a place in the Railways, Police or Excise Departments and daughters good jobs in commercial establishments, schools, the health sector and finally eligible men as husbands.
Of the Tamils, Muller says, “the north was their particular preserve and endured Burgher peccadilloes and disliked the way the drivers and guards swaggered around. Sonnaboy decided to liven up the sleepy Northern Stations. He knew them well and ribbed them whenever he could”.
Two instances which one cannot help laughing at until almost ending in tears occurred at a station in the North. Muller says, “On one occasion Sinnathamby, the Tamil Station Master, had come to hand over the tablet to Sonnaboy comfortably attired in his verti, banian and slippers. Sonnaboy decided to indulge in a little jesting and exclaimed,
`My God! You’re the Station Master?’ `Yes, yes. Vy you’re looking like that?’
Must be my eyes. When I saw you coming I thought an asparagus with a cap on. What, men, you’re saving so much money won’t’ even eat?
‘Here the tablet. You take and go.’
`Sonnaboy would smile and open the steam cocks and Sinnathamby would deftly hop out of the way. “If come home, ” Sonnaboy calls as he glides away, “can put you in the bathroom to be the towel rack.”
“Sinnathamby detested these smart-aleck Burghers and Sonnaboy in particular. He (Sinnathamby) was painfully thin, true, but that was his Tamil business in his Tamil station in this Tamil region. To demonstrate the Tamilness of his character he would always change into a verti in the evenings and, with a Jaffna cheroot stuck in his mouth, would do his duty. Railwaymen came to accept this as peculiar of the northern station staff. They knew the S.M s and accepted that they stride their narrow world in verti or dhoti or whatever else the Tamils togged up in.
“On another occasion returning late from Talaimannar, Sonnaboy learned out of the engine to watch Sinnathamby trot up. The tablet was proffered. Sonnaboy folded arms. ‘Who the hell are you? ‘
Sinnathamby was taken back. ‘Vat, brother, yam the S.M. no?’
`S.M. ? Who said? How do I know you’re the S.M. ? Anybody come and give tablet and blow a whistle, you think I’ll just take and go? Who are you? I don’t know you!’
“Sinnathamby goggled. This driver had to be drunk; or perhaps he was losing his eyesight. ‘Vat, brother, as if don’t know who I yam. Las’ week also you talking to me, no? Vat has happened today? Yam Sinnathamby. You know, No?
`No, I no know! How do I know you’re the S.M.?’
As if you don’t know. Don’t delay the train, brother’.
“Sonnaboy climbed down to the platform, ‘Until S.M. comes I will wait. If S.M won’t come I’m going to shut down steam and wait. Where is SM.?
`But I yam S.M.’ ! Sinnathamby bawled. “
`Sonnaboy shook his head. ‘I say, Martinus, ‘he called to his apprentice, ‘look at this b … ….. r. Saying he’s the S.M. You know who he is?’
“Martinus who is enjoying the joke, gives a bland ‘no.’
There, you see, nobody knows who the devil you are. If you’re the S.M. where’s your uniform? Where’s your cap? Only coming with whistle won’t do.’
‘But vart, brother, jus’ did a change. Yevening time put on something comfortable. That’s all.’
‘Can’t do like that, ‘Sonnaboy insisted. ‘Have regulations, no? I also did exams and all. What is the rule for S.M.s on duty? Must be in uniform and always must have the cap on the head. You think I don’t know? If you’re the S.M. then go and put on the uniform and come like the S.M
.
‘Ho! Now you’re coming with rules? Rules I know. You don’t need to tell me about rules’.
‘Then follow the bloody rules,’ Sonnaboy snarled, ‘otherwise I’m going to stay the night here. Stationmaster must have his cap on at all times. ‘
“Sinnathamby raced back to the office and returned with his cap on, verti flapping. He looked most peculiar. Sonnaboy accepted and checked the tablet. ‘Next stop Madhu Road, Good. God, you look like a scarecrow’ and with a piercing hoot, yanked on the regulator. Sinnathamby stalked off fuming. The driver was right but nobody seemed to mind. Fellow was just being a nuisance. ‘
‘Wait, will you,’ he muttered, `vun day I’ll catch him doing something and then he will know hoo I yam.’
Today the wheels of the RailwayAuthority’s rolling stock run only up to Pandikulam (?) a village about two miles North of Vavuniya. But other wheels have turned slowly and surely in the North and the track and all station buildings from Pandikulam or wherever to Kankasanthurai have been found other uses by some of the grandchildren of many Sinnathambys.
Are they recalling ‘Wait will you vun day……
Of course many of the grandchildren of the Sonnaboys are now ‘down under’ still partying knowing that tomorrow will look after itself.
by Dr Gotabhya Ranasinghe
Senior Consultant Cardiologist
National Hospital Sri Lanka
When we sought a meeting with Hon Dr. Ramesh Pathirana, Minister of Health, he graciously cleared his busy schedule to accommodate us. Renowned for his attentive listening and deep understanding, Minister Pathirana is dedicated to advancing the health sector. His openness and transparency exemplify the qualities of an exemplary politician and minister.
Dr. Palitha Mahipala, the current Health Secretary, demonstrates both commendable enthusiasm and unwavering support. This combination of attributes makes him a highly compatible colleague for the esteemed Minister of Health.
Our discussion centered on a project that has been in the works for the past 30 years, one that no other minister had managed to advance.
Minister Pathirana, however, recognized the project’s significance and its potential to revolutionize care for heart patients.
The project involves the construction of a state-of-the-art facility at the premises of the National Hospital Colombo. The project’s location within the premises of the National Hospital underscores its importance and relevance to the healthcare infrastructure of the nation.
This facility will include a cardiology building and a tertiary care center, equipped with the latest technology to handle and treat all types of heart-related conditions and surgeries.
Securing funding was a major milestone for this initiative. Minister Pathirana successfully obtained approval for a $40 billion loan from the Asian Development Bank. With the funding in place, the foundation stone is scheduled to be laid in September this year, and construction will begin in January 2025.
This project guarantees a consistent and uninterrupted supply of stents and related medications for heart patients. As a result, patients will have timely access to essential medical supplies during their treatment and recovery. By securing these critical resources, the project aims to enhance patient outcomes, minimize treatment delays, and maintain the highest standards of cardiac care.
Upon its fruition, this monumental building will serve as a beacon of hope and healing, symbolizing the unwavering dedication to improving patient outcomes and fostering a healthier society.We anticipate a future marked by significant progress and positive outcomes in Sri Lanka’s cardiovascular treatment landscape within the foreseeable timeframe.
by Fr. Emmanuel Fernando, OMI
Jesuit Fr. Aloysius Pieris (affectionately called Fr. Aloy) celebrated his 90th birthday on April 9, 2024 and I, as the editor of our Oblate Journal, THE MISSIONARY OBLATE had gone to press by that time. Immediately I decided to publish an article, appreciating the untiring selfless services he continues to offer for inter-Faith dialogue, the renewal of the Catholic Church, his concern for the poor and the suffering Sri Lankan masses and to me, the present writer.
It was in 1988, when I was appointed Director of the Oblate Scholastics at Ampitiya by the then Oblate Provincial Fr. Anselm Silva, that I came to know Fr. Aloy more closely. Knowing well his expertise in matters spiritual, theological, Indological and pastoral, and with the collaborative spirit of my companion-formators, our Oblate Scholastics were sent to Tulana, the Research and Encounter Centre, Kelaniya, of which he is the Founder-Director, for ‘exposure-programmes’ on matters spiritual, biblical, theological and pastoral. Some of these dimensions according to my view and that of my companion-formators, were not available at the National Seminary, Ampitiya.
Ever since that time, our Oblate formators/ accompaniers at the Oblate Scholasticate, Ampitiya , have continued to send our Oblate Scholastics to Tulana Centre for deepening their insights and convictions regarding matters needed to serve the people in today’s context. Fr. Aloy also had tried very enthusiastically with the Oblate team headed by Frs. Oswald Firth and Clement Waidyasekara to begin a Theologate, directed by the Religious Congregations in Sri Lanka, for the contextual formation/ accompaniment of their members. It should very well be a desired goal of the Leaders / Provincials of the Religious Congregations.
Besides being a formator/accompanier at the Oblate Scholasticate, I was entrusted also with the task of editing and publishing our Oblate journal, ‘The Missionary Oblate’. To maintain the quality of the journal I continue to depend on Fr. Aloy for his thought-provoking and stimulating articles on Biblical Spirituality, Biblical Theology and Ecclesiology. I am very grateful to him for his generous assistance. Of late, his writings on renewal of the Church, initiated by Pope St. John XX111 and continued by Pope Francis through the Synodal path, published in our Oblate journal, enable our readers to focus their attention also on the needed renewal in the Catholic Church in Sri Lanka. Fr. Aloy appreciated very much the Synodal path adopted by the Jesuit Pope Francis for the renewal of the Church, rooted very much on prayerful discernment. In my Religious and presbyteral life, Fr.Aloy continues to be my spiritual animator / guide and ongoing formator / acccompanier.
Fr. Aloysius Pieris, BA Hons (Lond), LPh (SHC, India), STL (PFT, Naples), PhD (SLU/VC), ThD (Tilburg), D.Ltt (KU), has been one of the eminent Asian theologians well recognized internationally and one who has lectured and held visiting chairs in many universities both in the West and in the East. Many members of Religious Congregations from Asian countries have benefited from his lectures and guidance in the East Asian Pastoral Institute (EAPI) in Manila, Philippines. He had been a Theologian consulted by the Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences for many years. During his professorship at the Gregorian University in Rome, he was called to be a member of a special group of advisers on other religions consulted by Pope Paul VI.
Fr. Aloy is the author of more than 30 books and well over 500 Research Papers. Some of his books and articles have been translated and published in several countries. Among those books, one can find the following: 1) The Genesis of an Asian Theology of Liberation (An Autobiographical Excursus on the Art of Theologising in Asia, 2) An Asian Theology of Liberation, 3) Providential Timeliness of Vatican 11 (a long-overdue halt to a scandalous millennium, 4) Give Vatican 11 a chance, 5) Leadership in the Church, 6) Relishing our faith in working for justice (Themes for study and discussion), 7) A Message meant mainly, not exclusively for Jesuits (Background information necessary for helping Francis renew the Church), 8) Lent in Lanka (Reflections and Resolutions, 9) Love meets wisdom (A Christian Experience of Buddhism, 10) Fire and Water 11) God’s Reign for God’s poor, 12) Our Unhiddden Agenda (How we Jesuits work, pray and form our men). He is also the Editor of two journals, Vagdevi, Journal of Religious Reflection and Dialogue, New Series.
Fr. Aloy has a BA in Pali and Sanskrit from the University of London and a Ph.D in Buddhist Philosophy from the University of Sri Lankan, Vidyodaya Campus. On Nov. 23, 2019, he was awarded the prestigious honorary Doctorate of Literature (D.Litt) by the Chancellor of the University of Kelaniya, the Most Venerable Welamitiyawe Dharmakirthi Sri Kusala Dhamma Thera.
Fr. Aloy continues to be a promoter of Gospel values and virtues. Justice as a constitutive dimension of love and social concern for the downtrodden masses are very much noted in his life and work. He had very much appreciated the commitment of the late Fr. Joseph (Joe) Fernando, the National Director of the Social and Economic Centre (SEDEC) for the poor.
In Sri Lanka, a few religious Congregations – the Good Shepherd Sisters, the Christian Brothers, the Marist Brothers and the Oblates – have invited him to animate their members especially during their Provincial Congresses, Chapters and International Conferences. The mainline Christian Churches also have sought his advice and followed his seminars. I, for one, regret very much, that the Sri Lankan authorities of the Catholic Church –today’s Hierarchy—- have not sought Fr.
Aloy’s expertise for the renewal of the Catholic Church in Sri Lanka and thus have not benefited from the immense store of wisdom and insight that he can offer to our local Church while the Sri Lankan bishops who governed the Catholic church in the immediate aftermath of the Second Vatican Council (Edmund Fernando OMI, Anthony de Saram, Leo Nanayakkara OSB, Frank Marcus Fernando, Paul Perera,) visited him and consulted him on many matters. Among the Tamil Bishops, Bishop Rayappu Joseph was keeping close contact with him and Bishop J. Deogupillai hosted him and his team visiting him after the horrible Black July massacre of Tamils.
Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement
By Gomi Senadhira
senadhiragomi@gmail.com
“You might tell fairy tales, but the progress of a country cannot be achieved through such narratives. A country cannot be developed by making false promises. The country moved backward because of the electoral promises made by political parties throughout time. We have witnessed that the ultimate result of this is the country becoming bankrupt. Unfortunately, many segments of the population have not come to realize this yet.” – President Ranil Wickremesinghe, 2024 Budget speech
Any Sri Lankan would agree with the above words of President Wickremesinghe on the false promises our politicians and officials make and the fairy tales they narrate which bankrupted this country. So, to understand this, let’s look at one such fairy tale with lots of false promises; Ranil Wickremesinghe’s greatest achievement in the area of international trade and investment promotion during the Yahapalana period, Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (SLSFTA).
It is appropriate and timely to do it now as Finance Minister Wickremesinghe has just presented to parliament a bill on the National Policy on Economic Transformation which includes the establishment of an Office for International Trade and the Sri Lanka Institute of Economics and International Trade.
Was SLSFTA a “Cleverly negotiated Free Trade Agreement” as stated by the (former) Minister of Development Strategies and International Trade Malik Samarawickrama during the Parliamentary Debate on the SLSFTA in July 2018, or a colossal blunder covered up with lies, false promises, and fairy tales? After SLSFTA was signed there were a number of fairy tales published on this agreement by the Ministry of Development Strategies and International, Institute of Policy Studies, and others.
However, for this article, I would like to limit my comments to the speech by Minister Samarawickrama during the Parliamentary Debate, and the two most important areas in the agreement which were covered up with lies, fairy tales, and false promises, namely: revenue loss for Sri Lanka and Investment from Singapore. On the other important area, “Waste products dumping” I do not want to comment here as I have written extensively on the issue.
1. The revenue loss
During the Parliamentary Debate in July 2018, Minister Samarawickrama stated “…. let me reiterate that this FTA with Singapore has been very cleverly negotiated by us…. The liberalisation programme under this FTA has been carefully designed to have the least impact on domestic industry and revenue collection. We have included all revenue sensitive items in the negative list of items which will not be subject to removal of tariff. Therefore, 97.8% revenue from Customs duty is protected. Our tariff liberalisation will take place over a period of 12-15 years! In fact, the revenue earned through tariffs on goods imported from Singapore last year was Rs. 35 billion.
The revenue loss for over the next 15 years due to the FTA is only Rs. 733 million– which when annualised, on average, is just Rs. 51 million. That is just 0.14% per year! So anyone who claims the Singapore FTA causes revenue loss to the Government cannot do basic arithmetic! Mr. Speaker, in conclusion, I call on my fellow members of this House – don’t mislead the public with baseless criticism that is not grounded in facts. Don’t look at petty politics and use these issues for your own political survival.”
I was surprised to read the minister’s speech because an article published in January 2018 in “The Straits Times“, based on information released by the Singaporean Negotiators stated, “…. With the FTA, tariff savings for Singapore exports are estimated to hit $10 million annually“.
As the annual tariff savings (that is the revenue loss for Sri Lanka) calculated by the Singaporean Negotiators, Singaporean $ 10 million (Sri Lankan rupees 1,200 million in 2018) was way above the rupees’ 733 million revenue loss for 15 years estimated by the Sri Lankan negotiators, it was clear to any observer that one of the parties to the agreement had not done the basic arithmetic!
Six years later, according to a report published by “The Morning” newspaper, speaking at the Committee on Public Finance (COPF) on 7th May 2024, Mr Samarawickrama’s chief trade negotiator K.J. Weerasinghehad had admitted “…. that forecasted revenue loss for the Government of Sri Lanka through the Singapore FTA is Rs. 450 million in 2023 and Rs. 1.3 billion in 2024.”
If these numbers are correct, as tariff liberalisation under the SLSFTA has just started, we will pass Rs 2 billion very soon. Then, the question is how Sri Lanka’s trade negotiators made such a colossal blunder. Didn’t they do their basic arithmetic? If they didn’t know how to do basic arithmetic they should have at least done their basic readings. For example, the headline of the article published in The Straits Times in January 2018 was “Singapore, Sri Lanka sign FTA, annual savings of $10m expected”.
Anyway, as Sri Lanka’s chief negotiator reiterated at the COPF meeting that “…. since 99% of the tariffs in Singapore have zero rates of duty, Sri Lanka has agreed on 80% tariff liberalisation over a period of 15 years while expecting Singapore investments to address the imbalance in trade,” let’s turn towards investment.
Investment from Singapore
In July 2018, speaking during the Parliamentary Debate on the FTA this is what Minister Malik Samarawickrama stated on investment from Singapore, “Already, thanks to this FTA, in just the past two-and-a-half months since the agreement came into effect we have received a proposal from Singapore for investment amounting to $ 14.8 billion in an oil refinery for export of petroleum products. In addition, we have proposals for a steel manufacturing plant for exports ($ 1 billion investment), flour milling plant ($ 50 million), sugar refinery ($ 200 million). This adds up to more than $ 16.05 billion in the pipeline on these projects alone.
And all of these projects will create thousands of more jobs for our people. In principle approval has already been granted by the BOI and the investors are awaiting the release of land the environmental approvals to commence the project.
I request the Opposition and those with vested interests to change their narrow-minded thinking and join us to develop our country. We must always look at what is best for the whole community, not just the few who may oppose. We owe it to our people to courageously take decisions that will change their lives for the better.”
According to the media report I quoted earlier, speaking at the Committee on Public Finance (COPF) Chief Negotiator Weerasinghe has admitted that Sri Lanka was not happy with overall Singapore investments that have come in the past few years in return for the trade liberalisation under the Singapore-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement. He has added that between 2021 and 2023 the total investment from Singapore had been around $162 million!
What happened to those projects worth $16 billion negotiated, thanks to the SLSFTA, in just the two-and-a-half months after the agreement came into effect and approved by the BOI? I do not know about the steel manufacturing plant for exports ($ 1 billion investment), flour milling plant ($ 50 million) and sugar refinery ($ 200 million).
However, story of the multibillion-dollar investment in the Petroleum Refinery unfolded in a manner that would qualify it as the best fairy tale with false promises presented by our politicians and the officials, prior to 2019 elections.
Though many Sri Lankans got to know, through the media which repeatedly highlighted a plethora of issues surrounding the project and the questionable credentials of the Singaporean investor, the construction work on the Mirrijiwela Oil Refinery along with the cement factory began on the24th of March 2019 with a bang and Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and his ministers along with the foreign and local dignitaries laid the foundation stones.
That was few months before the 2019 Presidential elections. Inaugurating the construction work Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe said the projects will create thousands of job opportunities in the area and surrounding districts.
The oil refinery, which was to be built over 200 acres of land, with the capacity to refine 200,000 barrels of crude oil per day, was to generate US$7 billion of exports and create 1,500 direct and 3,000 indirect jobs. The construction of the refinery was to be completed in 44 months. Four years later, in August 2023 the Cabinet of Ministers approved the proposal presented by President Ranil Wickremesinghe to cancel the agreement with the investors of the refinery as the project has not been implemented! Can they explain to the country how much money was wasted to produce that fairy tale?
It is obvious that the President, ministers, and officials had made huge blunders and had deliberately misled the public and the parliament on the revenue loss and potential investment from SLSFTA with fairy tales and false promises.
As the president himself said, a country cannot be developed by making false promises or with fairy tales and these false promises and fairy tales had bankrupted the country. “Unfortunately, many segments of the population have not come to realize this yet”.
(The writer, a specialist and an activist on trade and development issues . )
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