Midweek Review
What happened 30 years ago in Soviet Union? Will it happen in China?
By Dr. Laksiri Fernando
The first ‘communist’ system in the Soviet Union collapsed 30 years ago. On Christmas day, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned and dissolved the Soviet Union! Cuba survived, Vietnam survived, China survived and if we consider North Korea to be communist, it also survived, but all with considerable stress and strain.
The Eastern European ‘communist’ systems in Poland, East-Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania also collapsed, some even before the Soviet Union. It was like a ‘domino effect.’ Two years before, on 17 December 1989, when the ‘velvet revolution’ started in Czechoslovakia, I was there, observing the situation.
The absence of democracy and suppression of freedoms and human rights were the main reasons for these revolutions. People who rallied in the Wenceslas Square, in Prague, on International Students’ Day, chanted ‘Freedom, Freedom’, apart from other slogans I could not understand.
From Marxism to Leninism, the notion of the ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’ was the main reason for the corrupt, dictatorial, or authoritarian regimes in these countries. Strangely, the Soviet Union survived for 77 years but through suppressing and killing many (millions of) people who asked for freedoms and rights.
The ‘right to property’ of the people also was not allowed, wrongfully equating it to capitalist exploitation, but politicians and bureaucrats could acquire wealth and power freely under the one-party systems.
The above are some reasons certain former Marxists, or socialists, increasingly leaned towards ‘social democracy’ before and after these events. Today, given the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, environmental disasters under extreme capitalism, and growing economic crises due to the collapse of neoliberalism, there are possibilities of rejuvenating social democracy in Europe, Eastern Europe, Americas, Australia, and Asian countries. Germany today has given a probable lead.
One premise of social democracy is and should be enlightened liberalism. Even for China, social democracy might be the only way out in the forthcoming future. It is said that for the last 30 years, China has been studying what happened to the Soviet Union to prevent such a thing happening in China.
Have they succeeded? Or will they succeed? These are the questions one should ask at this stage, in reminiscing about what happened to the Soviet Union. My present, quick article was prompted by similar questions raised by Rebecca Armitage in her article in ABC Business, Australia, titled ‘China studied the collapse of the Soviet Union and learned three lessons to avoid a similar fate’ (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-26/ussr-collapsed-30-years-ago-china-tries-to-avoid-same-fate/100705112)
What are these three lessons? (1) Embrace capitalism with Chinese characteristics. (2) Avoid Glasnost. (3) Watch the periphery.
By embracing capitalism, China has undoubtedly been able to develop the economy and lift millions of people out of poverty. Of course, Chinese people are thankful to the government for these achievements, particularly the older generation. However, it appears that the younger generations are different.
Because of these economic developments, income gaps have widened and a rich business class, with connections to the communist party, has emerged. Corruption, perhaps surpassing that of the Soviet Union before its collapse, is also a major ailment in China. China is also allowing big companies, including state companies, to exploit and cheat small and poor countries in Asia and Africa. Sri Lanka probably is one victim. These must be the Chinese characteristics of capitalism!
The delay of Glasnost even in the Soviet Union was for the convenience of the leaders. People who were in power, particularly in the name of ‘one party, one class,’ conveniently went for secrecy and censorship. At least ‘posteponny glasnost’ (gradual openness) should have started after Stalin or Khrushchev. China should learn that lesson, not the opposite. It is that opposite that China is now implementing in Hong Kong where there were freedoms and democracy before. This effort can easily boomerang on China.
Chinese leaders today strictly control the circulation of information in China. State laws and technology are used for this purpose with a ‘Great Firewall.’ The COVID-19 pandemic is also used for this purpose. But there are loopholes. Many Chinese students, studying in foreign universities pass along some information. Even within the communist party, there are new low-ranking activists who are thirsty for information and freedom.
The leaders are obviously very jittery about the ‘West’ and more so about their liberal values. Conspiracy theories are abundant. No doubt that the West, including Australia, is trying to pressure or influence China and the Chinese people. Their undue pressure can also be a factor in Chinese obstinacy.
The third consideration is the periphery. The Soviet Union, proved Chinua Achebe’s proverb ‘things fall apart, centrE cannot hold.’ In the case of the Soviet Union or communism in Eastern Europe, the falling apart started three years before, in 1989, from Poland, then Czechoslovakia, then Yugoslavia and so on.
China is very sensitive about the situation. In the case of China, the centralised thinking is far beyond the Soviet Union, given the country’s Asiatic despotic history. China can be considered more ‘homogeneous,’ compared to the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union the diversity was enormous. But Tibet and Xinjiang are different. Taiwan and Hong Kong are more different in a different manner. This is disregarding differences between Cantonese and Mandarin speakers.