Features
THE POLICE HOSPITAL: A LEAP INTO MODERNITY
(EXCERPTED FROM MERRIL GUNARATNE’S “COP IN THE CROSSFIRE”)
At the time the Police Hospital was placed in 1996 under my supervision, it was an appendage of the Department of Health Services. In fact it had been so for well over 30 years. The Health Services had actually relegated the institution to the status of a “rural” hospital. As a result, only the buildings and furniture belonged to the police; the medical and paramedical staff were answerable entirely to the National Health Services. To have designated the institution a Police Hospital was therefore a ‘misnomer’. The Health Services also supplied the required drugs and medicines to the Police Hospital. It had been assigned 10 medical officers, of whom four were registered medical practitioners. None of the medical officers had post graduate qualifications.
The Police Hospital thus was hopelessly placed to cater to a service of over 50,000 officers and men. Due to poor resources and facilities, officers injured in the war had invariably to be warded in the National Hospital. Many policemen were reluctant to visit the hospital for even outdoor treatment at that time. Since medical and paramedical officers as well as minor staff were members of trade unions, a strike orchestrated by trade unions in the health sector affected the Police Hospital as well. There had been occasions when pharmacists had locked the pharmacy and taken the keys away at times of strike.
Since the National Health Services administered the hospital, senior police officers attached to it were unable to maintain good disciplinary standards. All that could be done was to report complaints of shortcomings observed to the health authorities. The medical lab technologist at the time even dipped the needle in dettol before extracting blood from a patient’s arm! Disposable plastic syringes had not even been introduced to the hospital. It was therefore not surprising that daily attendance of patients was extremely poor at the time I was assigned the task of administering the hospital. Officers did not place confidence in the hospital since only extremely basic OPD treatment was provided by it.
After 1994, when I found it increasingly difficult to perform duties as Senior DIG (Ranges) due to the prejudices entertained by the government, I informed the Inspector General of Police, W.B. Rajaguru, that I would like a change, preferably to a post which would enable me to administer the hospital as well. It was my desire to accept the challenge of raising it’s standards. The desired change in my duties came about in 1996. The IGP informed me of the government wished to shift me out of what I would describe as “territorial functions” which was my familiar terrain. He therefore thought it appropriate to assign the “Support Services” arm to me which included “inter alia”, the administration of the Police Hospital. I was extremely happy to accept this change, since I could then settle down to work without constraints and fetters which had earlier inhibited my work. Once the administration of the hospital came into my hands, Senior Superintendent of Police Lionel Gunatillake, was appointed Director of Welfare, following a proposal made by me to the IGP. Upon being appointed, Lionel figured actively and enthusiastically in the rapid transformation that was set in motion.
As a first step, I decided to request Dr. Reggie Perera, Director General of Health Services to post more medical officers to the hospital. At the time of my visit to him, I had not thought of plans for the Police Department to take full control of the hospital. Perhaps if Dr. Perera had looked at my request favourably, I may not have embarked on such a radical course of action, as took place later. The Director General assured me that he would post more doctors, but a few days later informed me that it was not possible to offer more medical officers since the Government Medical Officers Association (GMOA) was opposed to it, being disinclined to upgrade the hospital from the status of a rural hospital. I then realized how helpless we were in regard to our efforts to improve the quality of our own hospital.
It was in these circumstances that I decided to seriously explore ways of achieving the total transfer of the hospital to the Police Department. At this time, the Sri Lanka Police Reserve (SLPR) was also under my supervision, and I was aware that there were several vacancies in the ranks of Senior Superintendent, Assistant Superintendent, Inspector and Police Sergeant in it. Funds were allocated annually to the SLPR but returned, since these vacancies remained unfilled. I made a written proposal to the IGP that we obtain the approval of the Ministry of Defence to have the hospital transferred to the department. I also proposed the enlistment of medical and para-medical officers as police reservists under the Sri Lanka Police Reserve Act, in view of the availability of vacancies in ranks from Sergeant upwards. The IGP approved the blueprint submitted. We prepared and sent off a memorandum to Secretary of Defence with a request to obtain the approval of the Cabinet for the hospital to be transferred from the Health Services to the Police, and for authority to enlist medical and para-medical officers as police reservists. The approval given by the cabinet to our memorandum set the stage for the radical transition I had in mind.
Dr. Keerthi Gunaratne, the Chief Medical Officer, played a prominent and valuable role in achieving the transition from the Health Services. Once the formal transfer from the Health Services to the police department was effected in mid 1997, it became necessary to formulate appropriate schemes governing enlistment, promotions, and terms and conditions of service. Several from medical ranks including physicians, an anaesthetist, a surgeon and a large number of medical officers were enlisted to the ranks of Senior Superintendent police, Superintendent of Police and ASPs’ respectively. In respect of para-medical ranks, viz. nurses, pharmacists, lab technologists, radiologists, physiotherapists etc., certain obstacles relating to financial matters had to be surmounted. Basically the problem was that a Sub-Inspector’s total emoluments ran below what para-medical categories in the National Health Services earned.
Although difficulties were not experienced in enlisting medical officers, prospects of attracting para-medical officers therefore remained dim so long as this matter was unresolved. To bridge the gap and attract para-medical officers to join the hospital, special allowances for them were recommended by the department to the Treasury. The payment of these allowances was later approved after a series of discussions with Treasury officials. With the transition, giant strides were also made in installing a wide range of technical facilities for tests, diagnosis and treatment.
The OPD of the Police Hospital, as a result of improvements, became a hive of activity daily. Large numbers began to flock to the hospital for “in house” as well as outdoor treatment. Patients also began to benefit from the clinics of a large number of Visiting Consultants whose services were entirely honorary. They were offered police ranks as incentives. An operating theatre and an intensive care unit were also completed. Police patients were as far as possible provided drugs and medication free of cost.
Dr. R. Ellawela (Surgeon), Dr. G. Nanayakkara (Anaesthetist), Dr. Mrs. Harshini Fernando and Dr. Mrs. Manjula Ranaweera (Physicians), as well as Medical Officer Dr Sunil Pathmasiri were pioneers who actively contributed to the successful transformation of the hospital from it’s rural status to a modern one and to be identified as a police institution. These qualified professionals were so exemplary that their enthusiasm, commitment and efficiency had an infectious impact over the medical and paramedical staff in the hospital.
In conclusion, it must be pointed out that the transformation of the hospital was not achieved easily. It was a story of sweat and toil, with impediments placed by the Health Services trade unions from outside, and fears and concerns expressed about the planned transformation by certain serving senior officers of the Police Department. The hospital became a boon to all officers, the retired ranks in particular, with extensive arrangements in force for treatment of varied ailments, and the availability of free drugs and medicines. Then IGP Rajaguru provided enthusiastic patronage to the project. The vision of a modern hospital could not have become a reality without his inspiration and support.
POSTSCRIPT
THE HOSPITAL, 25 YEARS AFTER. ( This is not part of the book)
I do not know whether a police service elsewhere in the world could boast of a police hospital. I had in mind, plans to improve it in course of time to reach the heights of the military hospital. But I retired not long after its creation.
It is sad but true that the hospital has declined considerably over time. Commitment to the work ethic of a disciplined service, output, a sense of urgency, speed and quality in respect of repairs, renovations, innovations, procurement of drugs, materials and equipment are areas which have seen a serious deterioration of standards. The availability of the two physicians to treat patients is acutely inconsistent. In fact, a retired Senior DIG Leo Perera died in the hospital due to strongly suspected medical negligence. Clinics by Visiting Consultants are being arranged in respect of a number of illnesses. Unfortunately, most of them arrive extremely late, or do not sometimes arrive at all. It is possible that this shortcoming is due to the authorities failing to look after them adequately. Worst of all, the retired police lower ranks who travel from far out to the hospital for treatment receive a poor service.
I would attribute the current plight of the hospital to three major factors. First, all medical and para medical staff do not hold ranks in the police reserve now. Of 58 medical officers in the hospital, as many as 26 are civilians. They no doubt enjoy trade union rights, anathema to a uniformed service. The work ethic required in a disciplined service invariably suffered, with the hospital assuming the appearance of a civilian organization. At the time of the inception of the hospital, it was made mandatory for all medical and para medical ranks to be police officers so that those enlisted would imbibe the discipline required in the service and work with a sense of urgency. Those enlisted as police officers should, before being assigned such ranks, go through proper training and orientation as well. It would be preposterous to offer a police rank without the beneficiary being trained. The required work ethic therefore suffered still further with untrained medical officers merely carrying police ranks.
Second, the key slot, Director of Police Medical Services (D/PMS) is held by a police officer.The Chief Medical Officer (CMO) is a doctor, but he carries only responsibility, whilst the director enjoys power and authority. ‘Dual control’ is repugnant to the efficiency of any institution. The CMO who holds a police rank should be appointed as Director so that he could administer the hospital. I think this serious drawback should be remedied without delay. A hospital cannot be run by a police officer, as much as a police station cannot be administered by a doctor!
Third, police headquarters should treat the hospital like a department, with a separate administrative apparatus. It should have an Establishment Branch (for enlistment and Promotion schemes etc) a separate Tender Board, Finance Branch etc, so that speed and quality would be achieved in postings, reforms, progress, renovations, and procurement of drugs and materials. If such a structure is not in place and the hospital is serviced with structures familiar with police ranges and divisions, there would be danger to life and limb of officers requiring urgent medical attention because of inadequate attention and inordinate delays. In view of chronic inadequacies by police headquarters to put the hospital back on it’s feet, I now begin to wonder whether my enterprise to pioneer a modern hospital had been futile. At the time of inception, the ambitious project envisioned hopes of reaching the standards of the Military Hospital. 25 years later, it appears a distant and elusive goal. Rather, what the hospital now requires is plenty of oxygen for it’s mere survival.
by Dr Gotabhya Ranasinghe
Senior Consultant Cardiologist
National Hospital Sri Lanka
When we sought a meeting with Hon Dr. Ramesh Pathirana, Minister of Health, he graciously cleared his busy schedule to accommodate us. Renowned for his attentive listening and deep understanding, Minister Pathirana is dedicated to advancing the health sector. His openness and transparency exemplify the qualities of an exemplary politician and minister.
Dr. Palitha Mahipala, the current Health Secretary, demonstrates both commendable enthusiasm and unwavering support. This combination of attributes makes him a highly compatible colleague for the esteemed Minister of Health.
Our discussion centered on a project that has been in the works for the past 30 years, one that no other minister had managed to advance.
Minister Pathirana, however, recognized the project’s significance and its potential to revolutionize care for heart patients.
The project involves the construction of a state-of-the-art facility at the premises of the National Hospital Colombo. The project’s location within the premises of the National Hospital underscores its importance and relevance to the healthcare infrastructure of the nation.
This facility will include a cardiology building and a tertiary care center, equipped with the latest technology to handle and treat all types of heart-related conditions and surgeries.
Securing funding was a major milestone for this initiative. Minister Pathirana successfully obtained approval for a $40 billion loan from the Asian Development Bank. With the funding in place, the foundation stone is scheduled to be laid in September this year, and construction will begin in January 2025.
This project guarantees a consistent and uninterrupted supply of stents and related medications for heart patients. As a result, patients will have timely access to essential medical supplies during their treatment and recovery. By securing these critical resources, the project aims to enhance patient outcomes, minimize treatment delays, and maintain the highest standards of cardiac care.
Upon its fruition, this monumental building will serve as a beacon of hope and healing, symbolizing the unwavering dedication to improving patient outcomes and fostering a healthier society.We anticipate a future marked by significant progress and positive outcomes in Sri Lanka’s cardiovascular treatment landscape within the foreseeable timeframe.
by Fr. Emmanuel Fernando, OMI
Jesuit Fr. Aloysius Pieris (affectionately called Fr. Aloy) celebrated his 90th birthday on April 9, 2024 and I, as the editor of our Oblate Journal, THE MISSIONARY OBLATE had gone to press by that time. Immediately I decided to publish an article, appreciating the untiring selfless services he continues to offer for inter-Faith dialogue, the renewal of the Catholic Church, his concern for the poor and the suffering Sri Lankan masses and to me, the present writer.
It was in 1988, when I was appointed Director of the Oblate Scholastics at Ampitiya by the then Oblate Provincial Fr. Anselm Silva, that I came to know Fr. Aloy more closely. Knowing well his expertise in matters spiritual, theological, Indological and pastoral, and with the collaborative spirit of my companion-formators, our Oblate Scholastics were sent to Tulana, the Research and Encounter Centre, Kelaniya, of which he is the Founder-Director, for ‘exposure-programmes’ on matters spiritual, biblical, theological and pastoral. Some of these dimensions according to my view and that of my companion-formators, were not available at the National Seminary, Ampitiya.
Ever since that time, our Oblate formators/ accompaniers at the Oblate Scholasticate, Ampitiya , have continued to send our Oblate Scholastics to Tulana Centre for deepening their insights and convictions regarding matters needed to serve the people in today’s context. Fr. Aloy also had tried very enthusiastically with the Oblate team headed by Frs. Oswald Firth and Clement Waidyasekara to begin a Theologate, directed by the Religious Congregations in Sri Lanka, for the contextual formation/ accompaniment of their members. It should very well be a desired goal of the Leaders / Provincials of the Religious Congregations.
Besides being a formator/accompanier at the Oblate Scholasticate, I was entrusted also with the task of editing and publishing our Oblate journal, ‘The Missionary Oblate’. To maintain the quality of the journal I continue to depend on Fr. Aloy for his thought-provoking and stimulating articles on Biblical Spirituality, Biblical Theology and Ecclesiology. I am very grateful to him for his generous assistance. Of late, his writings on renewal of the Church, initiated by Pope St. John XX111 and continued by Pope Francis through the Synodal path, published in our Oblate journal, enable our readers to focus their attention also on the needed renewal in the Catholic Church in Sri Lanka. Fr. Aloy appreciated very much the Synodal path adopted by the Jesuit Pope Francis for the renewal of the Church, rooted very much on prayerful discernment. In my Religious and presbyteral life, Fr.Aloy continues to be my spiritual animator / guide and ongoing formator / acccompanier.
Fr. Aloysius Pieris, BA Hons (Lond), LPh (SHC, India), STL (PFT, Naples), PhD (SLU/VC), ThD (Tilburg), D.Ltt (KU), has been one of the eminent Asian theologians well recognized internationally and one who has lectured and held visiting chairs in many universities both in the West and in the East. Many members of Religious Congregations from Asian countries have benefited from his lectures and guidance in the East Asian Pastoral Institute (EAPI) in Manila, Philippines. He had been a Theologian consulted by the Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences for many years. During his professorship at the Gregorian University in Rome, he was called to be a member of a special group of advisers on other religions consulted by Pope Paul VI.
Fr. Aloy is the author of more than 30 books and well over 500 Research Papers. Some of his books and articles have been translated and published in several countries. Among those books, one can find the following: 1) The Genesis of an Asian Theology of Liberation (An Autobiographical Excursus on the Art of Theologising in Asia, 2) An Asian Theology of Liberation, 3) Providential Timeliness of Vatican 11 (a long-overdue halt to a scandalous millennium, 4) Give Vatican 11 a chance, 5) Leadership in the Church, 6) Relishing our faith in working for justice (Themes for study and discussion), 7) A Message meant mainly, not exclusively for Jesuits (Background information necessary for helping Francis renew the Church), 8) Lent in Lanka (Reflections and Resolutions, 9) Love meets wisdom (A Christian Experience of Buddhism, 10) Fire and Water 11) God’s Reign for God’s poor, 12) Our Unhiddden Agenda (How we Jesuits work, pray and form our men). He is also the Editor of two journals, Vagdevi, Journal of Religious Reflection and Dialogue, New Series.
Fr. Aloy has a BA in Pali and Sanskrit from the University of London and a Ph.D in Buddhist Philosophy from the University of Sri Lankan, Vidyodaya Campus. On Nov. 23, 2019, he was awarded the prestigious honorary Doctorate of Literature (D.Litt) by the Chancellor of the University of Kelaniya, the Most Venerable Welamitiyawe Dharmakirthi Sri Kusala Dhamma Thera.
Fr. Aloy continues to be a promoter of Gospel values and virtues. Justice as a constitutive dimension of love and social concern for the downtrodden masses are very much noted in his life and work. He had very much appreciated the commitment of the late Fr. Joseph (Joe) Fernando, the National Director of the Social and Economic Centre (SEDEC) for the poor.
In Sri Lanka, a few religious Congregations – the Good Shepherd Sisters, the Christian Brothers, the Marist Brothers and the Oblates – have invited him to animate their members especially during their Provincial Congresses, Chapters and International Conferences. The mainline Christian Churches also have sought his advice and followed his seminars. I, for one, regret very much, that the Sri Lankan authorities of the Catholic Church –today’s Hierarchy—- have not sought Fr.
Aloy’s expertise for the renewal of the Catholic Church in Sri Lanka and thus have not benefited from the immense store of wisdom and insight that he can offer to our local Church while the Sri Lankan bishops who governed the Catholic church in the immediate aftermath of the Second Vatican Council (Edmund Fernando OMI, Anthony de Saram, Leo Nanayakkara OSB, Frank Marcus Fernando, Paul Perera,) visited him and consulted him on many matters. Among the Tamil Bishops, Bishop Rayappu Joseph was keeping close contact with him and Bishop J. Deogupillai hosted him and his team visiting him after the horrible Black July massacre of Tamils.
Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement
By Gomi Senadhira
senadhiragomi@gmail.com
“You might tell fairy tales, but the progress of a country cannot be achieved through such narratives. A country cannot be developed by making false promises. The country moved backward because of the electoral promises made by political parties throughout time. We have witnessed that the ultimate result of this is the country becoming bankrupt. Unfortunately, many segments of the population have not come to realize this yet.” – President Ranil Wickremesinghe, 2024 Budget speech
Any Sri Lankan would agree with the above words of President Wickremesinghe on the false promises our politicians and officials make and the fairy tales they narrate which bankrupted this country. So, to understand this, let’s look at one such fairy tale with lots of false promises; Ranil Wickremesinghe’s greatest achievement in the area of international trade and investment promotion during the Yahapalana period, Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (SLSFTA).
It is appropriate and timely to do it now as Finance Minister Wickremesinghe has just presented to parliament a bill on the National Policy on Economic Transformation which includes the establishment of an Office for International Trade and the Sri Lanka Institute of Economics and International Trade.
Was SLSFTA a “Cleverly negotiated Free Trade Agreement” as stated by the (former) Minister of Development Strategies and International Trade Malik Samarawickrama during the Parliamentary Debate on the SLSFTA in July 2018, or a colossal blunder covered up with lies, false promises, and fairy tales? After SLSFTA was signed there were a number of fairy tales published on this agreement by the Ministry of Development Strategies and International, Institute of Policy Studies, and others.
However, for this article, I would like to limit my comments to the speech by Minister Samarawickrama during the Parliamentary Debate, and the two most important areas in the agreement which were covered up with lies, fairy tales, and false promises, namely: revenue loss for Sri Lanka and Investment from Singapore. On the other important area, “Waste products dumping” I do not want to comment here as I have written extensively on the issue.
1. The revenue loss
During the Parliamentary Debate in July 2018, Minister Samarawickrama stated “…. let me reiterate that this FTA with Singapore has been very cleverly negotiated by us…. The liberalisation programme under this FTA has been carefully designed to have the least impact on domestic industry and revenue collection. We have included all revenue sensitive items in the negative list of items which will not be subject to removal of tariff. Therefore, 97.8% revenue from Customs duty is protected. Our tariff liberalisation will take place over a period of 12-15 years! In fact, the revenue earned through tariffs on goods imported from Singapore last year was Rs. 35 billion.
The revenue loss for over the next 15 years due to the FTA is only Rs. 733 million– which when annualised, on average, is just Rs. 51 million. That is just 0.14% per year! So anyone who claims the Singapore FTA causes revenue loss to the Government cannot do basic arithmetic! Mr. Speaker, in conclusion, I call on my fellow members of this House – don’t mislead the public with baseless criticism that is not grounded in facts. Don’t look at petty politics and use these issues for your own political survival.”
I was surprised to read the minister’s speech because an article published in January 2018 in “The Straits Times“, based on information released by the Singaporean Negotiators stated, “…. With the FTA, tariff savings for Singapore exports are estimated to hit $10 million annually“.
As the annual tariff savings (that is the revenue loss for Sri Lanka) calculated by the Singaporean Negotiators, Singaporean $ 10 million (Sri Lankan rupees 1,200 million in 2018) was way above the rupees’ 733 million revenue loss for 15 years estimated by the Sri Lankan negotiators, it was clear to any observer that one of the parties to the agreement had not done the basic arithmetic!
Six years later, according to a report published by “The Morning” newspaper, speaking at the Committee on Public Finance (COPF) on 7th May 2024, Mr Samarawickrama’s chief trade negotiator K.J. Weerasinghehad had admitted “…. that forecasted revenue loss for the Government of Sri Lanka through the Singapore FTA is Rs. 450 million in 2023 and Rs. 1.3 billion in 2024.”
If these numbers are correct, as tariff liberalisation under the SLSFTA has just started, we will pass Rs 2 billion very soon. Then, the question is how Sri Lanka’s trade negotiators made such a colossal blunder. Didn’t they do their basic arithmetic? If they didn’t know how to do basic arithmetic they should have at least done their basic readings. For example, the headline of the article published in The Straits Times in January 2018 was “Singapore, Sri Lanka sign FTA, annual savings of $10m expected”.
Anyway, as Sri Lanka’s chief negotiator reiterated at the COPF meeting that “…. since 99% of the tariffs in Singapore have zero rates of duty, Sri Lanka has agreed on 80% tariff liberalisation over a period of 15 years while expecting Singapore investments to address the imbalance in trade,” let’s turn towards investment.
Investment from Singapore
In July 2018, speaking during the Parliamentary Debate on the FTA this is what Minister Malik Samarawickrama stated on investment from Singapore, “Already, thanks to this FTA, in just the past two-and-a-half months since the agreement came into effect we have received a proposal from Singapore for investment amounting to $ 14.8 billion in an oil refinery for export of petroleum products. In addition, we have proposals for a steel manufacturing plant for exports ($ 1 billion investment), flour milling plant ($ 50 million), sugar refinery ($ 200 million). This adds up to more than $ 16.05 billion in the pipeline on these projects alone.
And all of these projects will create thousands of more jobs for our people. In principle approval has already been granted by the BOI and the investors are awaiting the release of land the environmental approvals to commence the project.
I request the Opposition and those with vested interests to change their narrow-minded thinking and join us to develop our country. We must always look at what is best for the whole community, not just the few who may oppose. We owe it to our people to courageously take decisions that will change their lives for the better.”
According to the media report I quoted earlier, speaking at the Committee on Public Finance (COPF) Chief Negotiator Weerasinghe has admitted that Sri Lanka was not happy with overall Singapore investments that have come in the past few years in return for the trade liberalisation under the Singapore-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement. He has added that between 2021 and 2023 the total investment from Singapore had been around $162 million!
What happened to those projects worth $16 billion negotiated, thanks to the SLSFTA, in just the two-and-a-half months after the agreement came into effect and approved by the BOI? I do not know about the steel manufacturing plant for exports ($ 1 billion investment), flour milling plant ($ 50 million) and sugar refinery ($ 200 million).
However, story of the multibillion-dollar investment in the Petroleum Refinery unfolded in a manner that would qualify it as the best fairy tale with false promises presented by our politicians and the officials, prior to 2019 elections.
Though many Sri Lankans got to know, through the media which repeatedly highlighted a plethora of issues surrounding the project and the questionable credentials of the Singaporean investor, the construction work on the Mirrijiwela Oil Refinery along with the cement factory began on the24th of March 2019 with a bang and Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and his ministers along with the foreign and local dignitaries laid the foundation stones.
That was few months before the 2019 Presidential elections. Inaugurating the construction work Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe said the projects will create thousands of job opportunities in the area and surrounding districts.
The oil refinery, which was to be built over 200 acres of land, with the capacity to refine 200,000 barrels of crude oil per day, was to generate US$7 billion of exports and create 1,500 direct and 3,000 indirect jobs. The construction of the refinery was to be completed in 44 months. Four years later, in August 2023 the Cabinet of Ministers approved the proposal presented by President Ranil Wickremesinghe to cancel the agreement with the investors of the refinery as the project has not been implemented! Can they explain to the country how much money was wasted to produce that fairy tale?
It is obvious that the President, ministers, and officials had made huge blunders and had deliberately misled the public and the parliament on the revenue loss and potential investment from SLSFTA with fairy tales and false promises.
As the president himself said, a country cannot be developed by making false promises or with fairy tales and these false promises and fairy tales had bankrupted the country. “Unfortunately, many segments of the population have not come to realize this yet”.
(The writer, a specialist and an activist on trade and development issues . )
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