Features
O Tempora! O Mores!
By Hugh Karunanayake
At the time of the Centenary celebrations of the school in 1935, the country was yet a British colony ruled by a British Governor and its social norms very much influenced by British custom and practice. In fact, the most important positions within the government, and private sectors were held by Britishers. So it was, that the Centenary celebrations were held in 1935 according to prevailing norms practised by the elites in Colombo who were mainly British, of course.
The Centenary celebrations of Royal College consisted of a formal dinner at the Galle Face Hotel on Saturday October 5, 1935, which was attended by 450 diners including, old boys, well-wishers, and government officials. A souvenir was issued to mark the occasion with the names of all the diners, including table plans, menu, music arrangements for the evening, and notes on formalities observed at the occasion.
The souvenir stands out as a document which reflects the social manners and customs of the time, all very much British in flavour. Fifty years later, in 1985, the school celebrated its sesquicentenary to observe the 150 years of its continued service as a significant educational establishment in the island. The sesquicentenary celebrations were also marked by a souvenir compiled on the same format as the one published 50 years previously.
There were over 400 diners present at the Hotel Lanka Oberoi on Saturday October 5, 1985 to celebrate the event. The two souvenirs issued to mark the two events separated by 50 years reveal some social changes that reflect the socio economic patterns that emerged during the intervening period. The sesquicentenary celebrations were held decades after the departure of the British as administrators of the colony, and 13 years after the erstwhile dominion declared itself as an independent republic. It will be interesting to note some of the changes evidenced in a comparison of the two souvenirs.
THE TOASTS
In 1935 the main toast was to the health of His Majesty the King, proposed by the Chairman at the dinner Mr LHW Sampson, Principal of Royal College. The response to the toast was by His Excellency Sir Graeme Tyrell, Governor of Ceylon. The next toast was to Royal College proposed by His Excellency the Governor, Sir Graeme Tyrell and responded on behalf of the school by prominent old boy Mr RL Pereira KC. The final toast was to the sister colleges proposed by old boy Rev Lucien Jansz, and responded to by Mr Francis Soertsz KC.
Fifty years later in 1985, the country was an independent state, and the main toast was to the health of His Excellency the President of Sri Lanka, Mr JR Jayewardene, who incidentally was the Secretary of the Royal College Union 50 years previously, organising the Centenary Dinner! The toast to His Excellency was proposed by Mr Gamini Salgado. A toast to Royal College followed, proposed by his Excellency Mr JR Jayewardene, which was responded to by Mr CTM Fernando, the Principal. The toast to the sister colleges was proposed by old boy Mr Lalith Athulathmudali, Minister of National Security and responded to by Mr Neville de Alwis, Principal of St Thomas College, Mount Lavinia and Dr L Adihetty, Principal of Wesley College.
The toast to the guests was proposed by old boy, Dr Colvin R de Silva, and responded to by His Excellency Stewart, CMG, OBE, High Commissioner for the United Kingdom in Sri Lanka.
While the toasts at the two events separated by 50 years followed a similar format, the main difference that could be observed in the formalities were from the change in national status from that of a colony to an independent republic.
THE MENUS
The two menus show a distinct difference in dining styles during the colonial period and independent Sri Lanka. To begin with, although life in Ceylon and mainly in Colombo was very much Anglo centric, it was apparent that the British admiration for French cuisine filtered down to the colonies as well. In the higher echelons of society it was cuisine raffinée that mattered, not so much the bare bones of English expression in describing a dish. Thus we have in 1935, a menu in French, and the courses evidently delicate in flavour and design. In 1985 we had as a starter a seafood cocktail which may have been looked down upon rather snootily in 1935, as “common or garden”
There was little to choose between the two main courses save the fact that beef was the main course in 1935 as compared to chicken in 1985. While salmon was the common fish of choice on both menus, overall one could sense a change in dining fare as well as what was considered as the most desirable epicurean delights on offer at the two dining tables. Time has certainly marched on and who knows, in another 50 years it may be egg hoppers and katta sambol with some mouth-watering meat curry!
The Music 1935
The music provided at the two events perhaps shows the greatest divergence in content and genre. There were two orchestras in attendance in 1935 plus a Quartette Rodrigo’s Harmony Band providing music up to 11 pm.
The music provided at the two events perhaps shows the greatest divergence in content and genre. There were two orchestras in attendance in 1935 plus a Quartette, Rodrigo’s Harmony band providing music up to 11pm. The Programme was as follows. 1. March “Old Comrades” Teike. 2. Overture “Pique Dame” Suppee. 3. Valse “Luxenberg” Lehar. 4. Selection “Yeoman of the guard” Sullivan. 5. Intermezzo “From Madame Sherry” Hoschna. 6. Potpourri “New Viennese Songs” Komzak. 7. Morceau “Orientale” Lotter. 8. March “distant Greetings” Doring.
The Music 1985
Many changes had evidently occurred during the intervening 50 years, with national languages given prominence, and an emerging revival of indigenous music. In 1985, THE SRI LANKA NAVY BAND was in attendance. They rendered a mixed bag of Western popular music like the Anniversary Waltz, the Sound of Music, Sri Lanka Folk Music including Gajaba Wannama and Thun Sarane Kavi, Sinhalese melodies like Sasana Wasana Thuru, and Wala Theren Eha, Viennese Waltzes, the Blue Danube, popular western songs like Strangers in the Night and Begin the Beguine, instrumentals, Scottish bagpipe tunes and finally with the Sinhalese classic Danno Buddunge. The Orchestra was conducted by Lieutenant B.A.V.I.K Fernando, Director of Music, Sri Lanka Navy. It was quite evident by 1985 that indigenous
music born out of the local environment was making its way into the upper echelons of society.
THE IMPACT OF JR JAYEWARDENE
Despite the fact that JR Jayewardene was one of the first Ceylonese politicians to adopt the national dress from way back in the 1940s, he was a well-known anglophile and his musical tastes tended to heavily favour French melodies like La Vien Rosé and La Gollondrina. In 1935, a 28-year old JR was the Secretary of the Royal College Union and it can be assumed that he was then relatively a greenhorn compared to imposing luminaries like his uncle Colonel T.G. Jayewardene, Donald Obeysekera, and Arunachalam Mahadeva, who adorned office in the Royal College Union.
Fifty years later, in 1985, however, he was the almighty President of Sri Lanka under a new constitution introduced by him and under which he claimed that he had vested himself with supreme power to do anything except, according to his own words, “make a man into a woman.” A man well known for his meticulous attention to detail, he was reputed to check all hospitality boxes when acting as host. This included not only the fare at the table and the wines to go with the meal, but also the specific items of musical accompaniment.
His musical preferences are clearly seen in the programme of 1985 where La Vien Rosè and Danno Buddunge, two of his favourites, were featured. The emerging Sinhala musical tradition spearheaded by artistes such as the late Amaradeva also appear to have influenced him. In fact, when Queen Elizabeth II visited Sri Lanka in 1981, he hosted a dinner to Her Majesty and a few chosen guests at the Lodge at Nuwara Eliya (the event recorded in a book to commemorate the occasion) where two of the key pieces played were Amaradeva’s Sasana Wasana Thuru and Danno Buddunge, a song made famous by his schoolmate Hubert Rajapakse.
It was no surprise to see these numbers played again at the 1985 function, revealing the hidden hand of JR! Thus one could see that the social changes that have influenced the country generally during the 50-year period had also influenced national leaders rooted in a different culture and raised to view the world differently.
(*O the Times! O the customs)
by Dr Gotabhya Ranasinghe
Senior Consultant Cardiologist
National Hospital Sri Lanka
When we sought a meeting with Hon Dr. Ramesh Pathirana, Minister of Health, he graciously cleared his busy schedule to accommodate us. Renowned for his attentive listening and deep understanding, Minister Pathirana is dedicated to advancing the health sector. His openness and transparency exemplify the qualities of an exemplary politician and minister.
Dr. Palitha Mahipala, the current Health Secretary, demonstrates both commendable enthusiasm and unwavering support. This combination of attributes makes him a highly compatible colleague for the esteemed Minister of Health.
Our discussion centered on a project that has been in the works for the past 30 years, one that no other minister had managed to advance.
Minister Pathirana, however, recognized the project’s significance and its potential to revolutionize care for heart patients.
The project involves the construction of a state-of-the-art facility at the premises of the National Hospital Colombo. The project’s location within the premises of the National Hospital underscores its importance and relevance to the healthcare infrastructure of the nation.
This facility will include a cardiology building and a tertiary care center, equipped with the latest technology to handle and treat all types of heart-related conditions and surgeries.
Securing funding was a major milestone for this initiative. Minister Pathirana successfully obtained approval for a $40 billion loan from the Asian Development Bank. With the funding in place, the foundation stone is scheduled to be laid in September this year, and construction will begin in January 2025.
This project guarantees a consistent and uninterrupted supply of stents and related medications for heart patients. As a result, patients will have timely access to essential medical supplies during their treatment and recovery. By securing these critical resources, the project aims to enhance patient outcomes, minimize treatment delays, and maintain the highest standards of cardiac care.
Upon its fruition, this monumental building will serve as a beacon of hope and healing, symbolizing the unwavering dedication to improving patient outcomes and fostering a healthier society.We anticipate a future marked by significant progress and positive outcomes in Sri Lanka’s cardiovascular treatment landscape within the foreseeable timeframe.
by Fr. Emmanuel Fernando, OMI
Jesuit Fr. Aloysius Pieris (affectionately called Fr. Aloy) celebrated his 90th birthday on April 9, 2024 and I, as the editor of our Oblate Journal, THE MISSIONARY OBLATE had gone to press by that time. Immediately I decided to publish an article, appreciating the untiring selfless services he continues to offer for inter-Faith dialogue, the renewal of the Catholic Church, his concern for the poor and the suffering Sri Lankan masses and to me, the present writer.
It was in 1988, when I was appointed Director of the Oblate Scholastics at Ampitiya by the then Oblate Provincial Fr. Anselm Silva, that I came to know Fr. Aloy more closely. Knowing well his expertise in matters spiritual, theological, Indological and pastoral, and with the collaborative spirit of my companion-formators, our Oblate Scholastics were sent to Tulana, the Research and Encounter Centre, Kelaniya, of which he is the Founder-Director, for ‘exposure-programmes’ on matters spiritual, biblical, theological and pastoral. Some of these dimensions according to my view and that of my companion-formators, were not available at the National Seminary, Ampitiya.
Ever since that time, our Oblate formators/ accompaniers at the Oblate Scholasticate, Ampitiya , have continued to send our Oblate Scholastics to Tulana Centre for deepening their insights and convictions regarding matters needed to serve the people in today’s context. Fr. Aloy also had tried very enthusiastically with the Oblate team headed by Frs. Oswald Firth and Clement Waidyasekara to begin a Theologate, directed by the Religious Congregations in Sri Lanka, for the contextual formation/ accompaniment of their members. It should very well be a desired goal of the Leaders / Provincials of the Religious Congregations.
Besides being a formator/accompanier at the Oblate Scholasticate, I was entrusted also with the task of editing and publishing our Oblate journal, ‘The Missionary Oblate’. To maintain the quality of the journal I continue to depend on Fr. Aloy for his thought-provoking and stimulating articles on Biblical Spirituality, Biblical Theology and Ecclesiology. I am very grateful to him for his generous assistance. Of late, his writings on renewal of the Church, initiated by Pope St. John XX111 and continued by Pope Francis through the Synodal path, published in our Oblate journal, enable our readers to focus their attention also on the needed renewal in the Catholic Church in Sri Lanka. Fr. Aloy appreciated very much the Synodal path adopted by the Jesuit Pope Francis for the renewal of the Church, rooted very much on prayerful discernment. In my Religious and presbyteral life, Fr.Aloy continues to be my spiritual animator / guide and ongoing formator / acccompanier.
Fr. Aloysius Pieris, BA Hons (Lond), LPh (SHC, India), STL (PFT, Naples), PhD (SLU/VC), ThD (Tilburg), D.Ltt (KU), has been one of the eminent Asian theologians well recognized internationally and one who has lectured and held visiting chairs in many universities both in the West and in the East. Many members of Religious Congregations from Asian countries have benefited from his lectures and guidance in the East Asian Pastoral Institute (EAPI) in Manila, Philippines. He had been a Theologian consulted by the Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences for many years. During his professorship at the Gregorian University in Rome, he was called to be a member of a special group of advisers on other religions consulted by Pope Paul VI.
Fr. Aloy is the author of more than 30 books and well over 500 Research Papers. Some of his books and articles have been translated and published in several countries. Among those books, one can find the following: 1) The Genesis of an Asian Theology of Liberation (An Autobiographical Excursus on the Art of Theologising in Asia, 2) An Asian Theology of Liberation, 3) Providential Timeliness of Vatican 11 (a long-overdue halt to a scandalous millennium, 4) Give Vatican 11 a chance, 5) Leadership in the Church, 6) Relishing our faith in working for justice (Themes for study and discussion), 7) A Message meant mainly, not exclusively for Jesuits (Background information necessary for helping Francis renew the Church), 8) Lent in Lanka (Reflections and Resolutions, 9) Love meets wisdom (A Christian Experience of Buddhism, 10) Fire and Water 11) God’s Reign for God’s poor, 12) Our Unhiddden Agenda (How we Jesuits work, pray and form our men). He is also the Editor of two journals, Vagdevi, Journal of Religious Reflection and Dialogue, New Series.
Fr. Aloy has a BA in Pali and Sanskrit from the University of London and a Ph.D in Buddhist Philosophy from the University of Sri Lankan, Vidyodaya Campus. On Nov. 23, 2019, he was awarded the prestigious honorary Doctorate of Literature (D.Litt) by the Chancellor of the University of Kelaniya, the Most Venerable Welamitiyawe Dharmakirthi Sri Kusala Dhamma Thera.
Fr. Aloy continues to be a promoter of Gospel values and virtues. Justice as a constitutive dimension of love and social concern for the downtrodden masses are very much noted in his life and work. He had very much appreciated the commitment of the late Fr. Joseph (Joe) Fernando, the National Director of the Social and Economic Centre (SEDEC) for the poor.
In Sri Lanka, a few religious Congregations – the Good Shepherd Sisters, the Christian Brothers, the Marist Brothers and the Oblates – have invited him to animate their members especially during their Provincial Congresses, Chapters and International Conferences. The mainline Christian Churches also have sought his advice and followed his seminars. I, for one, regret very much, that the Sri Lankan authorities of the Catholic Church –today’s Hierarchy—- have not sought Fr.
Aloy’s expertise for the renewal of the Catholic Church in Sri Lanka and thus have not benefited from the immense store of wisdom and insight that he can offer to our local Church while the Sri Lankan bishops who governed the Catholic church in the immediate aftermath of the Second Vatican Council (Edmund Fernando OMI, Anthony de Saram, Leo Nanayakkara OSB, Frank Marcus Fernando, Paul Perera,) visited him and consulted him on many matters. Among the Tamil Bishops, Bishop Rayappu Joseph was keeping close contact with him and Bishop J. Deogupillai hosted him and his team visiting him after the horrible Black July massacre of Tamils.
Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement
By Gomi Senadhira
senadhiragomi@gmail.com
“You might tell fairy tales, but the progress of a country cannot be achieved through such narratives. A country cannot be developed by making false promises. The country moved backward because of the electoral promises made by political parties throughout time. We have witnessed that the ultimate result of this is the country becoming bankrupt. Unfortunately, many segments of the population have not come to realize this yet.” – President Ranil Wickremesinghe, 2024 Budget speech
Any Sri Lankan would agree with the above words of President Wickremesinghe on the false promises our politicians and officials make and the fairy tales they narrate which bankrupted this country. So, to understand this, let’s look at one such fairy tale with lots of false promises; Ranil Wickremesinghe’s greatest achievement in the area of international trade and investment promotion during the Yahapalana period, Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (SLSFTA).
It is appropriate and timely to do it now as Finance Minister Wickremesinghe has just presented to parliament a bill on the National Policy on Economic Transformation which includes the establishment of an Office for International Trade and the Sri Lanka Institute of Economics and International Trade.
Was SLSFTA a “Cleverly negotiated Free Trade Agreement” as stated by the (former) Minister of Development Strategies and International Trade Malik Samarawickrama during the Parliamentary Debate on the SLSFTA in July 2018, or a colossal blunder covered up with lies, false promises, and fairy tales? After SLSFTA was signed there were a number of fairy tales published on this agreement by the Ministry of Development Strategies and International, Institute of Policy Studies, and others.
However, for this article, I would like to limit my comments to the speech by Minister Samarawickrama during the Parliamentary Debate, and the two most important areas in the agreement which were covered up with lies, fairy tales, and false promises, namely: revenue loss for Sri Lanka and Investment from Singapore. On the other important area, “Waste products dumping” I do not want to comment here as I have written extensively on the issue.
1. The revenue loss
During the Parliamentary Debate in July 2018, Minister Samarawickrama stated “…. let me reiterate that this FTA with Singapore has been very cleverly negotiated by us…. The liberalisation programme under this FTA has been carefully designed to have the least impact on domestic industry and revenue collection. We have included all revenue sensitive items in the negative list of items which will not be subject to removal of tariff. Therefore, 97.8% revenue from Customs duty is protected. Our tariff liberalisation will take place over a period of 12-15 years! In fact, the revenue earned through tariffs on goods imported from Singapore last year was Rs. 35 billion.
The revenue loss for over the next 15 years due to the FTA is only Rs. 733 million– which when annualised, on average, is just Rs. 51 million. That is just 0.14% per year! So anyone who claims the Singapore FTA causes revenue loss to the Government cannot do basic arithmetic! Mr. Speaker, in conclusion, I call on my fellow members of this House – don’t mislead the public with baseless criticism that is not grounded in facts. Don’t look at petty politics and use these issues for your own political survival.”
I was surprised to read the minister’s speech because an article published in January 2018 in “The Straits Times“, based on information released by the Singaporean Negotiators stated, “…. With the FTA, tariff savings for Singapore exports are estimated to hit $10 million annually“.
As the annual tariff savings (that is the revenue loss for Sri Lanka) calculated by the Singaporean Negotiators, Singaporean $ 10 million (Sri Lankan rupees 1,200 million in 2018) was way above the rupees’ 733 million revenue loss for 15 years estimated by the Sri Lankan negotiators, it was clear to any observer that one of the parties to the agreement had not done the basic arithmetic!
Six years later, according to a report published by “The Morning” newspaper, speaking at the Committee on Public Finance (COPF) on 7th May 2024, Mr Samarawickrama’s chief trade negotiator K.J. Weerasinghehad had admitted “…. that forecasted revenue loss for the Government of Sri Lanka through the Singapore FTA is Rs. 450 million in 2023 and Rs. 1.3 billion in 2024.”
If these numbers are correct, as tariff liberalisation under the SLSFTA has just started, we will pass Rs 2 billion very soon. Then, the question is how Sri Lanka’s trade negotiators made such a colossal blunder. Didn’t they do their basic arithmetic? If they didn’t know how to do basic arithmetic they should have at least done their basic readings. For example, the headline of the article published in The Straits Times in January 2018 was “Singapore, Sri Lanka sign FTA, annual savings of $10m expected”.
Anyway, as Sri Lanka’s chief negotiator reiterated at the COPF meeting that “…. since 99% of the tariffs in Singapore have zero rates of duty, Sri Lanka has agreed on 80% tariff liberalisation over a period of 15 years while expecting Singapore investments to address the imbalance in trade,” let’s turn towards investment.
Investment from Singapore
In July 2018, speaking during the Parliamentary Debate on the FTA this is what Minister Malik Samarawickrama stated on investment from Singapore, “Already, thanks to this FTA, in just the past two-and-a-half months since the agreement came into effect we have received a proposal from Singapore for investment amounting to $ 14.8 billion in an oil refinery for export of petroleum products. In addition, we have proposals for a steel manufacturing plant for exports ($ 1 billion investment), flour milling plant ($ 50 million), sugar refinery ($ 200 million). This adds up to more than $ 16.05 billion in the pipeline on these projects alone.
And all of these projects will create thousands of more jobs for our people. In principle approval has already been granted by the BOI and the investors are awaiting the release of land the environmental approvals to commence the project.
I request the Opposition and those with vested interests to change their narrow-minded thinking and join us to develop our country. We must always look at what is best for the whole community, not just the few who may oppose. We owe it to our people to courageously take decisions that will change their lives for the better.”
According to the media report I quoted earlier, speaking at the Committee on Public Finance (COPF) Chief Negotiator Weerasinghe has admitted that Sri Lanka was not happy with overall Singapore investments that have come in the past few years in return for the trade liberalisation under the Singapore-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement. He has added that between 2021 and 2023 the total investment from Singapore had been around $162 million!
What happened to those projects worth $16 billion negotiated, thanks to the SLSFTA, in just the two-and-a-half months after the agreement came into effect and approved by the BOI? I do not know about the steel manufacturing plant for exports ($ 1 billion investment), flour milling plant ($ 50 million) and sugar refinery ($ 200 million).
However, story of the multibillion-dollar investment in the Petroleum Refinery unfolded in a manner that would qualify it as the best fairy tale with false promises presented by our politicians and the officials, prior to 2019 elections.
Though many Sri Lankans got to know, through the media which repeatedly highlighted a plethora of issues surrounding the project and the questionable credentials of the Singaporean investor, the construction work on the Mirrijiwela Oil Refinery along with the cement factory began on the24th of March 2019 with a bang and Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and his ministers along with the foreign and local dignitaries laid the foundation stones.
That was few months before the 2019 Presidential elections. Inaugurating the construction work Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe said the projects will create thousands of job opportunities in the area and surrounding districts.
The oil refinery, which was to be built over 200 acres of land, with the capacity to refine 200,000 barrels of crude oil per day, was to generate US$7 billion of exports and create 1,500 direct and 3,000 indirect jobs. The construction of the refinery was to be completed in 44 months. Four years later, in August 2023 the Cabinet of Ministers approved the proposal presented by President Ranil Wickremesinghe to cancel the agreement with the investors of the refinery as the project has not been implemented! Can they explain to the country how much money was wasted to produce that fairy tale?
It is obvious that the President, ministers, and officials had made huge blunders and had deliberately misled the public and the parliament on the revenue loss and potential investment from SLSFTA with fairy tales and false promises.
As the president himself said, a country cannot be developed by making false promises or with fairy tales and these false promises and fairy tales had bankrupted the country. “Unfortunately, many segments of the population have not come to realize this yet”.
(The writer, a specialist and an activist on trade and development issues . )
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