Features
Brain drain dilemma: A critical examination
“Brain drain” generally means skilled workers moving from developing to developed countries for better opportunities. While it offers personal benefits, it raises concerns about the impact on countries “losing talent”. This analysis will explore whether brain drain is a problem or potentially advantageous. (See Figure 01)
Benefits of Brain Drain
Brain drain can be seen as a natural consequence of globalization, where skilled individuals seek opportunities in countries with better economic prospects, infrastructure, and quality of life. For individuals, migrating to developed countries often means access to superior educational and professional opportunities, higher wages, and better living conditions. Moreover, the remittances sent back by migrants contribute significantly to the economies of their home countries, aiding development efforts.
However, the benefits of brain drain are not confined to migrants and their families alone. Destination countries gain from the influx of skilled labour, which fuels innovation, enhances productivity, and fills critical gaps in their labour markets. Furthermore, diversity, resulting from immigration, enriches the cultural fabric of these societies, fostering creativity and dynamism.
Global Entrepreneurship and Local Empowerment
Many Sri Lankan entrepreneurs, who have established numerous companies abroad, not only hire Sri Lankans for positions in their overseas ventures but also generates significant employment opportunities domestically, by assigning jobs to their local companies, thereby contributing to job creation at home.
Therefore, in the IT field a compelling viewpoint put forth by modern liberalists compares skilled professionals to export products in the realm of manufacturing expertise, akin to tangible goods and services. Countries such as India and the Philippines exemplify this approach. They produce a considerable number of skilled professionals who venture abroad to establish companies in developed nations, engaging in international business, particularly in information-related sectors.
They delegate tasks and transfer technology to their home countries, thereby facilitating the creation of more human expert products, “exportable expertise” or “exportable intellectual capital.”.
This cycle creates a double benefit: remittances and employment generation. Firstly, while working abroad, these professionals send remittances back to their home countries, providing crucial financial support to their families and contributing to the national economy
Secondly, by employing local individuals to carry out tasks typically done for developed countries, they generate employment opportunities in their home countries, thereby fostering domestic job creation.
In essence, modern liberalists advocate for viewing skilled migration as a form of export, wherein professionals serve as valuable assets that contribute to both the global economy and the development of their home countries. This perspective underscores the potential for mutual benefit and highlights the dynamic nature of globalization in shaping contemporary labour markets.
Drawbacks of Brain Drain
Despite the apparent advantages of brain drain, the traditional perspective is that it poses several challenges. They highlight the multifaceted impact of brain drain, emphasizing its potential to undermine the development prospects of source countries and exacerbate global inequalities. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in sectors such as healthcare and education, where the loss of trained personnel can have severe consequences for public services.
Among their concerns are:
Talent Loss in Immigrant Countries:
They assert that countries experiencing brain drain suffer from a loss of valuable talent. The departure of skilled professionals creates a void in critical sectors, impacting the workforce and innovation capabilities of these nations.
Skill Shortages and Service Efficiency:
Departure of skilled professionals can lead to skill shortages, affecting the efficient delivery of services to the population. This can particularly impact essential services such as healthcare and education, where skilled personnel are crucial for maintaining quality standards and meeting the needs of the populace.
Hampering Economic Growth and Development:
Brain drain is seen as a hindrance to economic growth and development. The exodus of skilled workers deprives the source country of the expertise needed to drive innovation, productivity, and competitiveness. This, in turn, can impede progress and perpetuate disparities between nations.
Loss of Revenue to the State:
However, according to liberal modernists, the disadvantages of brain drain are more closely aligned with the challenges posed by globalization, such as the loss of revenue to the government, encompassing both current and opportunity costs.
Liberal modernists argue that brain drain leads to a significant loss of tax revenues for the government. As skilled professionals migrate to other countries, they contribute to the tax base of the destination nation rather than their country of origin. This phenomenon diminishes the resources available for public investment and socio-economic development within the source country.
Moreover, liberal modernists emphasize the concept of opportunity cost associated with brain drain. Beyond the immediate loss of tax revenues, the departure of skilled individuals represents a missed opportunity for the source country to leverage their expertise for economic growth and development. These individuals could have contributed to innovation, entrepreneurship, and productivity within their homeland, thereby fostering progress and enhancing competitiveness on the global stage.
In essence, liberal modernists highlight the broader implications of brain drain, emphasizing not only the tangible loss of tax revenues but also the intangible costs in terms of missed opportunities for national advancement and prosperity.
Policy Implications
Addressing brain drain requires a multifaceted approach that balances the interests of both source and destination countries. Source countries must invest in education, research, and infrastructure to retain talent and create conducive environments for innovation and entrepreneurship. Moreover, policies aimed at facilitating the return of skilled migrants, such as tax incentives and professional networks, can help harness their expertise for the benefit of their home countries.
Alternatively, an effective system should be in place to reclaim the funds invested in their education, including graduate and postgraduate levels, especially for professionals like doctors, nurses, and university academics who benefited from taxpayer-funded higher education.
Destination countries, on the other hand, should adopt more ethical recruitment practices and provide opportunities for skill transfer and capacity-building in source countries. Additionally, efforts to promote circular migration, where skilled individuals move between countries while maintaining ties with their homeland, can mitigate the negative consequences of brain drain.
Cost benefit analysis
The regulators should introduce a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of such migration, enabling informed policy decisions on how to maximize the benefits of “brain drain” without raising objections. Such cost-benefit analysis includes assessing all costs associated with free education, training such professionals, both domestically and overseas, including government-sponsored training programmes.
To ensure that the investment in their education is appropriately recouped, suitable legislation should be enacted. This legislation would aim to recover the costs incurred by the government without allowing individuals to evade responsibility. Additionally, measures such as offering benefits in kind or encouraging foreign direct investments can be explored as means of offsetting these costs, while simultaneously fostering job creation domestically.
Optimizing Human Resource Allocation:
Migration of certain professionals can lead to savings in terms of opportunity costs. Many professionals do not fully contribute their fair share of income tax to fund the infrastructure and public services they benefit from. While the exact positive impact of their migration may be challenging to quantify, it is undoubtedly present. Additionally, some professionals may neglect their primary duties in favour of administrative tasks. The migration of such individuals could result in a more efficient allocation of human resources, allowing those more suited for administrative work to take on those responsibilities.
For instance, it’s a common misconception that only doctors should handle administrative tasks within medical settings. By allowing doctors to focus primarily on their clinical duties and entrusting administrative responsibilities to professionals specifically trained for management roles, greater efficiency and effectiveness can be achieved in healthcare organizations.
Conclusions
Brain drain remains a multifaceted phenomenon that prompts significant debate and concern worldwide. While it offers opportunities for individuals seeking better prospects, it raises critical questions about the implications for both source and destination countries.
The benefits of brain drain, including access to superior opportunities and remittances, are undeniable. Skilled migration also fuels innovation and productivity in destination countries, contributing to their economic growth. Moreover, the entrepreneurship of individuals from countries like Sri Lanka exemplifies how skilled migration can lead to job creation domestically, further enhancing the argument for viewing skilled professionals as exportable assets.
Optimizing professional migration can lead to savings in opportunity costs and improve the efficiency of human resource allocation, as certain professionals may not fully contribute their fair share of income tax and may neglect their primary duties in favour of administrative tasks. By allowing specialists to focus on their core responsibilities and delegating administrative tasks to professionals trained for management roles, greater efficiency and effectiveness can be achieved in various sectors.
Policy measures such as effective systems for recovering educational investments, and comprehensive cost-benefit analyses can help maximize the benefits of skilled migration while mitigating its drawbacks.
by Dr Gotabhya Ranasinghe
Senior Consultant Cardiologist
National Hospital Sri Lanka
When we sought a meeting with Hon Dr. Ramesh Pathirana, Minister of Health, he graciously cleared his busy schedule to accommodate us. Renowned for his attentive listening and deep understanding, Minister Pathirana is dedicated to advancing the health sector. His openness and transparency exemplify the qualities of an exemplary politician and minister.
Dr. Palitha Mahipala, the current Health Secretary, demonstrates both commendable enthusiasm and unwavering support. This combination of attributes makes him a highly compatible colleague for the esteemed Minister of Health.
Our discussion centered on a project that has been in the works for the past 30 years, one that no other minister had managed to advance.
Minister Pathirana, however, recognized the project’s significance and its potential to revolutionize care for heart patients.
The project involves the construction of a state-of-the-art facility at the premises of the National Hospital Colombo. The project’s location within the premises of the National Hospital underscores its importance and relevance to the healthcare infrastructure of the nation.
This facility will include a cardiology building and a tertiary care center, equipped with the latest technology to handle and treat all types of heart-related conditions and surgeries.
Securing funding was a major milestone for this initiative. Minister Pathirana successfully obtained approval for a $40 billion loan from the Asian Development Bank. With the funding in place, the foundation stone is scheduled to be laid in September this year, and construction will begin in January 2025.
This project guarantees a consistent and uninterrupted supply of stents and related medications for heart patients. As a result, patients will have timely access to essential medical supplies during their treatment and recovery. By securing these critical resources, the project aims to enhance patient outcomes, minimize treatment delays, and maintain the highest standards of cardiac care.
Upon its fruition, this monumental building will serve as a beacon of hope and healing, symbolizing the unwavering dedication to improving patient outcomes and fostering a healthier society.We anticipate a future marked by significant progress and positive outcomes in Sri Lanka’s cardiovascular treatment landscape within the foreseeable timeframe.
by Fr. Emmanuel Fernando, OMI
Jesuit Fr. Aloysius Pieris (affectionately called Fr. Aloy) celebrated his 90th birthday on April 9, 2024 and I, as the editor of our Oblate Journal, THE MISSIONARY OBLATE had gone to press by that time. Immediately I decided to publish an article, appreciating the untiring selfless services he continues to offer for inter-Faith dialogue, the renewal of the Catholic Church, his concern for the poor and the suffering Sri Lankan masses and to me, the present writer.
It was in 1988, when I was appointed Director of the Oblate Scholastics at Ampitiya by the then Oblate Provincial Fr. Anselm Silva, that I came to know Fr. Aloy more closely. Knowing well his expertise in matters spiritual, theological, Indological and pastoral, and with the collaborative spirit of my companion-formators, our Oblate Scholastics were sent to Tulana, the Research and Encounter Centre, Kelaniya, of which he is the Founder-Director, for ‘exposure-programmes’ on matters spiritual, biblical, theological and pastoral. Some of these dimensions according to my view and that of my companion-formators, were not available at the National Seminary, Ampitiya.
Ever since that time, our Oblate formators/ accompaniers at the Oblate Scholasticate, Ampitiya , have continued to send our Oblate Scholastics to Tulana Centre for deepening their insights and convictions regarding matters needed to serve the people in today’s context. Fr. Aloy also had tried very enthusiastically with the Oblate team headed by Frs. Oswald Firth and Clement Waidyasekara to begin a Theologate, directed by the Religious Congregations in Sri Lanka, for the contextual formation/ accompaniment of their members. It should very well be a desired goal of the Leaders / Provincials of the Religious Congregations.
Besides being a formator/accompanier at the Oblate Scholasticate, I was entrusted also with the task of editing and publishing our Oblate journal, ‘The Missionary Oblate’. To maintain the quality of the journal I continue to depend on Fr. Aloy for his thought-provoking and stimulating articles on Biblical Spirituality, Biblical Theology and Ecclesiology. I am very grateful to him for his generous assistance. Of late, his writings on renewal of the Church, initiated by Pope St. John XX111 and continued by Pope Francis through the Synodal path, published in our Oblate journal, enable our readers to focus their attention also on the needed renewal in the Catholic Church in Sri Lanka. Fr. Aloy appreciated very much the Synodal path adopted by the Jesuit Pope Francis for the renewal of the Church, rooted very much on prayerful discernment. In my Religious and presbyteral life, Fr.Aloy continues to be my spiritual animator / guide and ongoing formator / acccompanier.
Fr. Aloysius Pieris, BA Hons (Lond), LPh (SHC, India), STL (PFT, Naples), PhD (SLU/VC), ThD (Tilburg), D.Ltt (KU), has been one of the eminent Asian theologians well recognized internationally and one who has lectured and held visiting chairs in many universities both in the West and in the East. Many members of Religious Congregations from Asian countries have benefited from his lectures and guidance in the East Asian Pastoral Institute (EAPI) in Manila, Philippines. He had been a Theologian consulted by the Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences for many years. During his professorship at the Gregorian University in Rome, he was called to be a member of a special group of advisers on other religions consulted by Pope Paul VI.
Fr. Aloy is the author of more than 30 books and well over 500 Research Papers. Some of his books and articles have been translated and published in several countries. Among those books, one can find the following: 1) The Genesis of an Asian Theology of Liberation (An Autobiographical Excursus on the Art of Theologising in Asia, 2) An Asian Theology of Liberation, 3) Providential Timeliness of Vatican 11 (a long-overdue halt to a scandalous millennium, 4) Give Vatican 11 a chance, 5) Leadership in the Church, 6) Relishing our faith in working for justice (Themes for study and discussion), 7) A Message meant mainly, not exclusively for Jesuits (Background information necessary for helping Francis renew the Church), 8) Lent in Lanka (Reflections and Resolutions, 9) Love meets wisdom (A Christian Experience of Buddhism, 10) Fire and Water 11) God’s Reign for God’s poor, 12) Our Unhiddden Agenda (How we Jesuits work, pray and form our men). He is also the Editor of two journals, Vagdevi, Journal of Religious Reflection and Dialogue, New Series.
Fr. Aloy has a BA in Pali and Sanskrit from the University of London and a Ph.D in Buddhist Philosophy from the University of Sri Lankan, Vidyodaya Campus. On Nov. 23, 2019, he was awarded the prestigious honorary Doctorate of Literature (D.Litt) by the Chancellor of the University of Kelaniya, the Most Venerable Welamitiyawe Dharmakirthi Sri Kusala Dhamma Thera.
Fr. Aloy continues to be a promoter of Gospel values and virtues. Justice as a constitutive dimension of love and social concern for the downtrodden masses are very much noted in his life and work. He had very much appreciated the commitment of the late Fr. Joseph (Joe) Fernando, the National Director of the Social and Economic Centre (SEDEC) for the poor.
In Sri Lanka, a few religious Congregations – the Good Shepherd Sisters, the Christian Brothers, the Marist Brothers and the Oblates – have invited him to animate their members especially during their Provincial Congresses, Chapters and International Conferences. The mainline Christian Churches also have sought his advice and followed his seminars. I, for one, regret very much, that the Sri Lankan authorities of the Catholic Church –today’s Hierarchy—- have not sought Fr.
Aloy’s expertise for the renewal of the Catholic Church in Sri Lanka and thus have not benefited from the immense store of wisdom and insight that he can offer to our local Church while the Sri Lankan bishops who governed the Catholic church in the immediate aftermath of the Second Vatican Council (Edmund Fernando OMI, Anthony de Saram, Leo Nanayakkara OSB, Frank Marcus Fernando, Paul Perera,) visited him and consulted him on many matters. Among the Tamil Bishops, Bishop Rayappu Joseph was keeping close contact with him and Bishop J. Deogupillai hosted him and his team visiting him after the horrible Black July massacre of Tamils.
Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement
By Gomi Senadhira
senadhiragomi@gmail.com
“You might tell fairy tales, but the progress of a country cannot be achieved through such narratives. A country cannot be developed by making false promises. The country moved backward because of the electoral promises made by political parties throughout time. We have witnessed that the ultimate result of this is the country becoming bankrupt. Unfortunately, many segments of the population have not come to realize this yet.” – President Ranil Wickremesinghe, 2024 Budget speech
Any Sri Lankan would agree with the above words of President Wickremesinghe on the false promises our politicians and officials make and the fairy tales they narrate which bankrupted this country. So, to understand this, let’s look at one such fairy tale with lots of false promises; Ranil Wickremesinghe’s greatest achievement in the area of international trade and investment promotion during the Yahapalana period, Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (SLSFTA).
It is appropriate and timely to do it now as Finance Minister Wickremesinghe has just presented to parliament a bill on the National Policy on Economic Transformation which includes the establishment of an Office for International Trade and the Sri Lanka Institute of Economics and International Trade.
Was SLSFTA a “Cleverly negotiated Free Trade Agreement” as stated by the (former) Minister of Development Strategies and International Trade Malik Samarawickrama during the Parliamentary Debate on the SLSFTA in July 2018, or a colossal blunder covered up with lies, false promises, and fairy tales? After SLSFTA was signed there were a number of fairy tales published on this agreement by the Ministry of Development Strategies and International, Institute of Policy Studies, and others.
However, for this article, I would like to limit my comments to the speech by Minister Samarawickrama during the Parliamentary Debate, and the two most important areas in the agreement which were covered up with lies, fairy tales, and false promises, namely: revenue loss for Sri Lanka and Investment from Singapore. On the other important area, “Waste products dumping” I do not want to comment here as I have written extensively on the issue.
1. The revenue loss
During the Parliamentary Debate in July 2018, Minister Samarawickrama stated “…. let me reiterate that this FTA with Singapore has been very cleverly negotiated by us…. The liberalisation programme under this FTA has been carefully designed to have the least impact on domestic industry and revenue collection. We have included all revenue sensitive items in the negative list of items which will not be subject to removal of tariff. Therefore, 97.8% revenue from Customs duty is protected. Our tariff liberalisation will take place over a period of 12-15 years! In fact, the revenue earned through tariffs on goods imported from Singapore last year was Rs. 35 billion.
The revenue loss for over the next 15 years due to the FTA is only Rs. 733 million– which when annualised, on average, is just Rs. 51 million. That is just 0.14% per year! So anyone who claims the Singapore FTA causes revenue loss to the Government cannot do basic arithmetic! Mr. Speaker, in conclusion, I call on my fellow members of this House – don’t mislead the public with baseless criticism that is not grounded in facts. Don’t look at petty politics and use these issues for your own political survival.”
I was surprised to read the minister’s speech because an article published in January 2018 in “The Straits Times“, based on information released by the Singaporean Negotiators stated, “…. With the FTA, tariff savings for Singapore exports are estimated to hit $10 million annually“.
As the annual tariff savings (that is the revenue loss for Sri Lanka) calculated by the Singaporean Negotiators, Singaporean $ 10 million (Sri Lankan rupees 1,200 million in 2018) was way above the rupees’ 733 million revenue loss for 15 years estimated by the Sri Lankan negotiators, it was clear to any observer that one of the parties to the agreement had not done the basic arithmetic!
Six years later, according to a report published by “The Morning” newspaper, speaking at the Committee on Public Finance (COPF) on 7th May 2024, Mr Samarawickrama’s chief trade negotiator K.J. Weerasinghehad had admitted “…. that forecasted revenue loss for the Government of Sri Lanka through the Singapore FTA is Rs. 450 million in 2023 and Rs. 1.3 billion in 2024.”
If these numbers are correct, as tariff liberalisation under the SLSFTA has just started, we will pass Rs 2 billion very soon. Then, the question is how Sri Lanka’s trade negotiators made such a colossal blunder. Didn’t they do their basic arithmetic? If they didn’t know how to do basic arithmetic they should have at least done their basic readings. For example, the headline of the article published in The Straits Times in January 2018 was “Singapore, Sri Lanka sign FTA, annual savings of $10m expected”.
Anyway, as Sri Lanka’s chief negotiator reiterated at the COPF meeting that “…. since 99% of the tariffs in Singapore have zero rates of duty, Sri Lanka has agreed on 80% tariff liberalisation over a period of 15 years while expecting Singapore investments to address the imbalance in trade,” let’s turn towards investment.
Investment from Singapore
In July 2018, speaking during the Parliamentary Debate on the FTA this is what Minister Malik Samarawickrama stated on investment from Singapore, “Already, thanks to this FTA, in just the past two-and-a-half months since the agreement came into effect we have received a proposal from Singapore for investment amounting to $ 14.8 billion in an oil refinery for export of petroleum products. In addition, we have proposals for a steel manufacturing plant for exports ($ 1 billion investment), flour milling plant ($ 50 million), sugar refinery ($ 200 million). This adds up to more than $ 16.05 billion in the pipeline on these projects alone.
And all of these projects will create thousands of more jobs for our people. In principle approval has already been granted by the BOI and the investors are awaiting the release of land the environmental approvals to commence the project.
I request the Opposition and those with vested interests to change their narrow-minded thinking and join us to develop our country. We must always look at what is best for the whole community, not just the few who may oppose. We owe it to our people to courageously take decisions that will change their lives for the better.”
According to the media report I quoted earlier, speaking at the Committee on Public Finance (COPF) Chief Negotiator Weerasinghe has admitted that Sri Lanka was not happy with overall Singapore investments that have come in the past few years in return for the trade liberalisation under the Singapore-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement. He has added that between 2021 and 2023 the total investment from Singapore had been around $162 million!
What happened to those projects worth $16 billion negotiated, thanks to the SLSFTA, in just the two-and-a-half months after the agreement came into effect and approved by the BOI? I do not know about the steel manufacturing plant for exports ($ 1 billion investment), flour milling plant ($ 50 million) and sugar refinery ($ 200 million).
However, story of the multibillion-dollar investment in the Petroleum Refinery unfolded in a manner that would qualify it as the best fairy tale with false promises presented by our politicians and the officials, prior to 2019 elections.
Though many Sri Lankans got to know, through the media which repeatedly highlighted a plethora of issues surrounding the project and the questionable credentials of the Singaporean investor, the construction work on the Mirrijiwela Oil Refinery along with the cement factory began on the24th of March 2019 with a bang and Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and his ministers along with the foreign and local dignitaries laid the foundation stones.
That was few months before the 2019 Presidential elections. Inaugurating the construction work Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe said the projects will create thousands of job opportunities in the area and surrounding districts.
The oil refinery, which was to be built over 200 acres of land, with the capacity to refine 200,000 barrels of crude oil per day, was to generate US$7 billion of exports and create 1,500 direct and 3,000 indirect jobs. The construction of the refinery was to be completed in 44 months. Four years later, in August 2023 the Cabinet of Ministers approved the proposal presented by President Ranil Wickremesinghe to cancel the agreement with the investors of the refinery as the project has not been implemented! Can they explain to the country how much money was wasted to produce that fairy tale?
It is obvious that the President, ministers, and officials had made huge blunders and had deliberately misled the public and the parliament on the revenue loss and potential investment from SLSFTA with fairy tales and false promises.
As the president himself said, a country cannot be developed by making false promises or with fairy tales and these false promises and fairy tales had bankrupted the country. “Unfortunately, many segments of the population have not come to realize this yet”.
(The writer, a specialist and an activist on trade and development issues . )
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