Features
The early years of the Ceylon University College and its impact on higher education in Ceylon
by Hugh Karunanayake
Sri Lanka, known during the time of British rule as Ceylon, had a long tradition of education including higher education through the religion of the island’s inhabitants who were mainly Buddhists. Buddhism was taught in Pirivenas ( places of religious education) through many centuries prior to the foreign occupation of the island’s coastal areas. With the conquest of the island by the British, the English language became the official language and that saw the gradual decline in imporatance of the Sinhala and Tamil languages.
It also saw the emergence of a western oriented ethos dominating the social and cultural life of the Ceylonese. Education, however was almost confined to urban areas utilizing the meagre staffing resources available throughout the island. For almost a. century after the British conquest, the need for a system of tertiary education was not articulated nor seen as important.
It was Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam who first raised the issue of a University for Ceylon, way back in the eighteen nineties through the Ceylon University Association of which he was President. Prior to the establishment of the Ceylon University College in 1921, the pursuit of tertiary education was through study by enrolment in British Universities or through external studies leading to a degree from the Calcutta University.
Access to formal tertiary education was thus restricted to the wealthy sections of the population. Sir Ponnambalam who benefitted from a university education in England, was also influenced by eastern ideals in education of which little was known. He stated in 1937 that “we would do well to remember that the Universities of Europe owed their origin to the impulse from the East given to Europe during the Crusades of the 11th and 12th Centuries.”
It was his contention that the famous early European Universities of Paris, Salerno, and Bologna had their source in the great Mohamedan Universities which extended from Samarkand and Bokharato, Fez, and Cordova. The latter were not however the earliest seats of oriental culture, that honour belonging to the widespread influence of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist universities in various parts of India including Nalanda.
Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam was the principal promoter of the university project, and saw through the initial stage of establishment of the University College, and was a member of the new University Council, but sadly passed away in India on January 10, 1924.
The project for the establishment of a University in Ceylon did not move much until 1911 when the governor Sir Henry Mc Callum appointed a Committee to inquire into the situation of secondary and higher education in the island. The Committee recommended, inter alia, that a University College be established, in which higher education in the island should be concentrated. Governor Mc Callum adopted the Committee’s recommendations which included the foillowing:
That a University College be established in Ceylon;
That it be called the Ceylon University College;
That in the first place, it should be organized so as to provide for;
Higher education, generally,
Courses in Arts and Science for teachers in training: and
Preliminary training of medical students in Chemistry, Physics, and Biology.
That hostels be provided by Government and be leased by the government to different religious bodies.
The proposals were submitted to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and the Board of Education in England who referred back the question of locality of the proposed College, and the status and scope of studies for the attention of the Government of Ceylon. Sir Robert Chalmers who succeeded Sir Henry Mc Callum as Governor of Ceylon, considered these issues and made further submissions to the Secretary of State. The main features of his proposed scheme included the following:
A University College was to be established in Colombo
Initially the body was to grant diplomas, and later to be converted into a degree granting University.
The college to be affiliated to an English University, preferably Oxford;
The Royal College buildings were to be utilized and adapted for the new institutions;
The principal to be an Administrative Officer and should not hold a Professorship.
Other recommendations relating to the proposed curriculum, residential character of the institution, the establishment of a Council, the conduct of examinations, and for courses to be open to women, were also submitted.
Progress with the University project was hampered by the onset of World War 1. In 1917 provision was made in the annual estimates for a new building for Royal College during the tenure of Sir William Manning as Governor. Although work commenced in 1919, progress was slow. The Government purchased “Regina Walauwwa” on Thurstan Road which was to be adapted for lecture rooms, and the project for a University College was finally on its way.
Meanwhile the Royal College buildings were seen as more suitable for the University and the school assisted with funds for constructing its own its buildings on Racecourse Avenue.
The University College was formally declared open on January 24, 1921 under the direction of Mr E Evans the acting Director of Education. At the beginning of the second academic year, 1921-22, Mr Robert Marrs assumed office as Principal of the University College. The student roll during the first year was 166 which gradually increased to 540 by 1935.
The University was to be overseen by a Council and an Academic Committee. There were 14 Departments viz English under Prof EFC Ludowyk, Classics; Prof S Whitely, Maths Prof C Suntheralingam, Modern History and Economics: Prof SA Pakeman, Philosophy: Prof Robert Marrs, Geography: Lecturer A Ginige; French and German: Visiting Lecturer Rev PL Jansz, Sanskrit, Pali, and Sinhalese: Lecturer GP Malalasekera, Tamil: Lecturer R Kanapathipillai; Physics Prof JP Andrews; Chemistry; Prof A Kandiah, Botany: Prof NG Ball, Zoology: Lecturer DRR Burt; and Librarian RS Enright.
ADMINISTRATION OF THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
The overall management of the University College was to be under the aegis of the University College Council, presided over by His Excellency the Governor and consisting of a group of eminent persons. The operations of the College was under the Academic Committee consisting of Senior Professors representing the various faculties.
GOVERNMENT SCHOLARSHIPS
There were 358 students who graduated with First or Second class Honours during the period 1921 to 1935. Government University Scholarships of the annual value of GBP 300 tenable for two years together with an outfit allowance and a second class passage to the British Isles was awarded to scholars selected on merit. There were 68 University Scholarships awarded during the period 1922 to 1935. Scholars were chosen from the different faculties according to their performance at the final examination.
SCHOLARS
Scholars during the period 1922 and 1935 were;
Arts
SF Amerasinghe, G de Zoysa, G Rajadurai, POS Silva, K Alvapillai, CW Amerasinghe, EFC Ludowyk, V Thuraisamy pillai, CE Rubesinghe, DGL Misso, VSM de Mel, AMA Azeez, ATA de Souza, and GP Tambyah
Mathematics
RH Wickremesinghe, P Navaratnarajah, WSA Goonesekera, T Sivapragasam, PH Wickremesinghe, L Jayasundera, M Kidnapillai, MLD Caspersz, HC Goonewardena, A Vaitilingam.
ENGINEERING:
KRajasuntheram, CBP Perera, TE Tweed, RHVM Asaipillai, WD Guneratne, RA Wijeyekoon, WJA Van Langanberg, HE Seneviratne, S Nicholas, EOE Pereira, BW Rubesinghe, VC de Silva, GD Somasunderam, T Sivaprakasapillai, C Rasiah, NS wIckremesinghe, DP Jayasera, SBL Perera, LH Sumanadasa.
SCIENCES
S Nadaraser, PA Pillai, M Balasunderam, HE Peiris, AW Mailvaganam, W Fernando, M Fernando, BA Baptist, AA Hoove, NG Baptist.
AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY
C Suntheralingam, MM Kumarakulasingham, WVD Peiris, MLM Salgado, CH Holmes, AV Richards, RA De Rosayro
ORIENTAL LANGUAGES
EW Adikaram, K Kanapathipillai, JV Fonseka, COH deAWijeseykera;PBF Wijeratne, P Kandiah.
CAREER CHOICE OF SCHOLARS
Many of the scholars after grauation entered the Ceylon Civil Service, while others chose the Academic route becoming members of the University teaching staff, others sought careers in their chosen profession, law, engineering and applied sciences.
What is significant however, is that the post WW2 administration of the country was largely dominated by alumni of the Ceylon University College. Post WW2 Ceylon coincided largely with the initial years of independence from the country’s metropolitan power, Great Britain. Whether or not the country would have managed its new found political independence without the involvement of suitable admnistrators is a question that begs itself.
The Ceylon University College was the precursor to the University of Ceylon established after the country became independent. Whether the transformation could have been managed more efficiently could only be in the realms of conjecture. However, the University College has more than acquitted itself in its response to the mandate given to it, and also provided a solid foundation for tertiary education in modern Ceylon.
by Dr Gotabhya Ranasinghe
Senior Consultant Cardiologist
National Hospital Sri Lanka
When we sought a meeting with Hon Dr. Ramesh Pathirana, Minister of Health, he graciously cleared his busy schedule to accommodate us. Renowned for his attentive listening and deep understanding, Minister Pathirana is dedicated to advancing the health sector. His openness and transparency exemplify the qualities of an exemplary politician and minister.
Dr. Palitha Mahipala, the current Health Secretary, demonstrates both commendable enthusiasm and unwavering support. This combination of attributes makes him a highly compatible colleague for the esteemed Minister of Health.
Our discussion centered on a project that has been in the works for the past 30 years, one that no other minister had managed to advance.
Minister Pathirana, however, recognized the project’s significance and its potential to revolutionize care for heart patients.
The project involves the construction of a state-of-the-art facility at the premises of the National Hospital Colombo. The project’s location within the premises of the National Hospital underscores its importance and relevance to the healthcare infrastructure of the nation.
This facility will include a cardiology building and a tertiary care center, equipped with the latest technology to handle and treat all types of heart-related conditions and surgeries.
Securing funding was a major milestone for this initiative. Minister Pathirana successfully obtained approval for a $40 billion loan from the Asian Development Bank. With the funding in place, the foundation stone is scheduled to be laid in September this year, and construction will begin in January 2025.
This project guarantees a consistent and uninterrupted supply of stents and related medications for heart patients. As a result, patients will have timely access to essential medical supplies during their treatment and recovery. By securing these critical resources, the project aims to enhance patient outcomes, minimize treatment delays, and maintain the highest standards of cardiac care.
Upon its fruition, this monumental building will serve as a beacon of hope and healing, symbolizing the unwavering dedication to improving patient outcomes and fostering a healthier society.We anticipate a future marked by significant progress and positive outcomes in Sri Lanka’s cardiovascular treatment landscape within the foreseeable timeframe.
by Fr. Emmanuel Fernando, OMI
Jesuit Fr. Aloysius Pieris (affectionately called Fr. Aloy) celebrated his 90th birthday on April 9, 2024 and I, as the editor of our Oblate Journal, THE MISSIONARY OBLATE had gone to press by that time. Immediately I decided to publish an article, appreciating the untiring selfless services he continues to offer for inter-Faith dialogue, the renewal of the Catholic Church, his concern for the poor and the suffering Sri Lankan masses and to me, the present writer.
It was in 1988, when I was appointed Director of the Oblate Scholastics at Ampitiya by the then Oblate Provincial Fr. Anselm Silva, that I came to know Fr. Aloy more closely. Knowing well his expertise in matters spiritual, theological, Indological and pastoral, and with the collaborative spirit of my companion-formators, our Oblate Scholastics were sent to Tulana, the Research and Encounter Centre, Kelaniya, of which he is the Founder-Director, for ‘exposure-programmes’ on matters spiritual, biblical, theological and pastoral. Some of these dimensions according to my view and that of my companion-formators, were not available at the National Seminary, Ampitiya.
Ever since that time, our Oblate formators/ accompaniers at the Oblate Scholasticate, Ampitiya , have continued to send our Oblate Scholastics to Tulana Centre for deepening their insights and convictions regarding matters needed to serve the people in today’s context. Fr. Aloy also had tried very enthusiastically with the Oblate team headed by Frs. Oswald Firth and Clement Waidyasekara to begin a Theologate, directed by the Religious Congregations in Sri Lanka, for the contextual formation/ accompaniment of their members. It should very well be a desired goal of the Leaders / Provincials of the Religious Congregations.
Besides being a formator/accompanier at the Oblate Scholasticate, I was entrusted also with the task of editing and publishing our Oblate journal, ‘The Missionary Oblate’. To maintain the quality of the journal I continue to depend on Fr. Aloy for his thought-provoking and stimulating articles on Biblical Spirituality, Biblical Theology and Ecclesiology. I am very grateful to him for his generous assistance. Of late, his writings on renewal of the Church, initiated by Pope St. John XX111 and continued by Pope Francis through the Synodal path, published in our Oblate journal, enable our readers to focus their attention also on the needed renewal in the Catholic Church in Sri Lanka. Fr. Aloy appreciated very much the Synodal path adopted by the Jesuit Pope Francis for the renewal of the Church, rooted very much on prayerful discernment. In my Religious and presbyteral life, Fr.Aloy continues to be my spiritual animator / guide and ongoing formator / acccompanier.
Fr. Aloysius Pieris, BA Hons (Lond), LPh (SHC, India), STL (PFT, Naples), PhD (SLU/VC), ThD (Tilburg), D.Ltt (KU), has been one of the eminent Asian theologians well recognized internationally and one who has lectured and held visiting chairs in many universities both in the West and in the East. Many members of Religious Congregations from Asian countries have benefited from his lectures and guidance in the East Asian Pastoral Institute (EAPI) in Manila, Philippines. He had been a Theologian consulted by the Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences for many years. During his professorship at the Gregorian University in Rome, he was called to be a member of a special group of advisers on other religions consulted by Pope Paul VI.
Fr. Aloy is the author of more than 30 books and well over 500 Research Papers. Some of his books and articles have been translated and published in several countries. Among those books, one can find the following: 1) The Genesis of an Asian Theology of Liberation (An Autobiographical Excursus on the Art of Theologising in Asia, 2) An Asian Theology of Liberation, 3) Providential Timeliness of Vatican 11 (a long-overdue halt to a scandalous millennium, 4) Give Vatican 11 a chance, 5) Leadership in the Church, 6) Relishing our faith in working for justice (Themes for study and discussion), 7) A Message meant mainly, not exclusively for Jesuits (Background information necessary for helping Francis renew the Church), 8) Lent in Lanka (Reflections and Resolutions, 9) Love meets wisdom (A Christian Experience of Buddhism, 10) Fire and Water 11) God’s Reign for God’s poor, 12) Our Unhiddden Agenda (How we Jesuits work, pray and form our men). He is also the Editor of two journals, Vagdevi, Journal of Religious Reflection and Dialogue, New Series.
Fr. Aloy has a BA in Pali and Sanskrit from the University of London and a Ph.D in Buddhist Philosophy from the University of Sri Lankan, Vidyodaya Campus. On Nov. 23, 2019, he was awarded the prestigious honorary Doctorate of Literature (D.Litt) by the Chancellor of the University of Kelaniya, the Most Venerable Welamitiyawe Dharmakirthi Sri Kusala Dhamma Thera.
Fr. Aloy continues to be a promoter of Gospel values and virtues. Justice as a constitutive dimension of love and social concern for the downtrodden masses are very much noted in his life and work. He had very much appreciated the commitment of the late Fr. Joseph (Joe) Fernando, the National Director of the Social and Economic Centre (SEDEC) for the poor.
In Sri Lanka, a few religious Congregations – the Good Shepherd Sisters, the Christian Brothers, the Marist Brothers and the Oblates – have invited him to animate their members especially during their Provincial Congresses, Chapters and International Conferences. The mainline Christian Churches also have sought his advice and followed his seminars. I, for one, regret very much, that the Sri Lankan authorities of the Catholic Church –today’s Hierarchy—- have not sought Fr.
Aloy’s expertise for the renewal of the Catholic Church in Sri Lanka and thus have not benefited from the immense store of wisdom and insight that he can offer to our local Church while the Sri Lankan bishops who governed the Catholic church in the immediate aftermath of the Second Vatican Council (Edmund Fernando OMI, Anthony de Saram, Leo Nanayakkara OSB, Frank Marcus Fernando, Paul Perera,) visited him and consulted him on many matters. Among the Tamil Bishops, Bishop Rayappu Joseph was keeping close contact with him and Bishop J. Deogupillai hosted him and his team visiting him after the horrible Black July massacre of Tamils.
Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement
By Gomi Senadhira
senadhiragomi@gmail.com
“You might tell fairy tales, but the progress of a country cannot be achieved through such narratives. A country cannot be developed by making false promises. The country moved backward because of the electoral promises made by political parties throughout time. We have witnessed that the ultimate result of this is the country becoming bankrupt. Unfortunately, many segments of the population have not come to realize this yet.” – President Ranil Wickremesinghe, 2024 Budget speech
Any Sri Lankan would agree with the above words of President Wickremesinghe on the false promises our politicians and officials make and the fairy tales they narrate which bankrupted this country. So, to understand this, let’s look at one such fairy tale with lots of false promises; Ranil Wickremesinghe’s greatest achievement in the area of international trade and investment promotion during the Yahapalana period, Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (SLSFTA).
It is appropriate and timely to do it now as Finance Minister Wickremesinghe has just presented to parliament a bill on the National Policy on Economic Transformation which includes the establishment of an Office for International Trade and the Sri Lanka Institute of Economics and International Trade.
Was SLSFTA a “Cleverly negotiated Free Trade Agreement” as stated by the (former) Minister of Development Strategies and International Trade Malik Samarawickrama during the Parliamentary Debate on the SLSFTA in July 2018, or a colossal blunder covered up with lies, false promises, and fairy tales? After SLSFTA was signed there were a number of fairy tales published on this agreement by the Ministry of Development Strategies and International, Institute of Policy Studies, and others.
However, for this article, I would like to limit my comments to the speech by Minister Samarawickrama during the Parliamentary Debate, and the two most important areas in the agreement which were covered up with lies, fairy tales, and false promises, namely: revenue loss for Sri Lanka and Investment from Singapore. On the other important area, “Waste products dumping” I do not want to comment here as I have written extensively on the issue.
1. The revenue loss
During the Parliamentary Debate in July 2018, Minister Samarawickrama stated “…. let me reiterate that this FTA with Singapore has been very cleverly negotiated by us…. The liberalisation programme under this FTA has been carefully designed to have the least impact on domestic industry and revenue collection. We have included all revenue sensitive items in the negative list of items which will not be subject to removal of tariff. Therefore, 97.8% revenue from Customs duty is protected. Our tariff liberalisation will take place over a period of 12-15 years! In fact, the revenue earned through tariffs on goods imported from Singapore last year was Rs. 35 billion.
The revenue loss for over the next 15 years due to the FTA is only Rs. 733 million– which when annualised, on average, is just Rs. 51 million. That is just 0.14% per year! So anyone who claims the Singapore FTA causes revenue loss to the Government cannot do basic arithmetic! Mr. Speaker, in conclusion, I call on my fellow members of this House – don’t mislead the public with baseless criticism that is not grounded in facts. Don’t look at petty politics and use these issues for your own political survival.”
I was surprised to read the minister’s speech because an article published in January 2018 in “The Straits Times“, based on information released by the Singaporean Negotiators stated, “…. With the FTA, tariff savings for Singapore exports are estimated to hit $10 million annually“.
As the annual tariff savings (that is the revenue loss for Sri Lanka) calculated by the Singaporean Negotiators, Singaporean $ 10 million (Sri Lankan rupees 1,200 million in 2018) was way above the rupees’ 733 million revenue loss for 15 years estimated by the Sri Lankan negotiators, it was clear to any observer that one of the parties to the agreement had not done the basic arithmetic!
Six years later, according to a report published by “The Morning” newspaper, speaking at the Committee on Public Finance (COPF) on 7th May 2024, Mr Samarawickrama’s chief trade negotiator K.J. Weerasinghehad had admitted “…. that forecasted revenue loss for the Government of Sri Lanka through the Singapore FTA is Rs. 450 million in 2023 and Rs. 1.3 billion in 2024.”
If these numbers are correct, as tariff liberalisation under the SLSFTA has just started, we will pass Rs 2 billion very soon. Then, the question is how Sri Lanka’s trade negotiators made such a colossal blunder. Didn’t they do their basic arithmetic? If they didn’t know how to do basic arithmetic they should have at least done their basic readings. For example, the headline of the article published in The Straits Times in January 2018 was “Singapore, Sri Lanka sign FTA, annual savings of $10m expected”.
Anyway, as Sri Lanka’s chief negotiator reiterated at the COPF meeting that “…. since 99% of the tariffs in Singapore have zero rates of duty, Sri Lanka has agreed on 80% tariff liberalisation over a period of 15 years while expecting Singapore investments to address the imbalance in trade,” let’s turn towards investment.
Investment from Singapore
In July 2018, speaking during the Parliamentary Debate on the FTA this is what Minister Malik Samarawickrama stated on investment from Singapore, “Already, thanks to this FTA, in just the past two-and-a-half months since the agreement came into effect we have received a proposal from Singapore for investment amounting to $ 14.8 billion in an oil refinery for export of petroleum products. In addition, we have proposals for a steel manufacturing plant for exports ($ 1 billion investment), flour milling plant ($ 50 million), sugar refinery ($ 200 million). This adds up to more than $ 16.05 billion in the pipeline on these projects alone.
And all of these projects will create thousands of more jobs for our people. In principle approval has already been granted by the BOI and the investors are awaiting the release of land the environmental approvals to commence the project.
I request the Opposition and those with vested interests to change their narrow-minded thinking and join us to develop our country. We must always look at what is best for the whole community, not just the few who may oppose. We owe it to our people to courageously take decisions that will change their lives for the better.”
According to the media report I quoted earlier, speaking at the Committee on Public Finance (COPF) Chief Negotiator Weerasinghe has admitted that Sri Lanka was not happy with overall Singapore investments that have come in the past few years in return for the trade liberalisation under the Singapore-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement. He has added that between 2021 and 2023 the total investment from Singapore had been around $162 million!
What happened to those projects worth $16 billion negotiated, thanks to the SLSFTA, in just the two-and-a-half months after the agreement came into effect and approved by the BOI? I do not know about the steel manufacturing plant for exports ($ 1 billion investment), flour milling plant ($ 50 million) and sugar refinery ($ 200 million).
However, story of the multibillion-dollar investment in the Petroleum Refinery unfolded in a manner that would qualify it as the best fairy tale with false promises presented by our politicians and the officials, prior to 2019 elections.
Though many Sri Lankans got to know, through the media which repeatedly highlighted a plethora of issues surrounding the project and the questionable credentials of the Singaporean investor, the construction work on the Mirrijiwela Oil Refinery along with the cement factory began on the24th of March 2019 with a bang and Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and his ministers along with the foreign and local dignitaries laid the foundation stones.
That was few months before the 2019 Presidential elections. Inaugurating the construction work Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe said the projects will create thousands of job opportunities in the area and surrounding districts.
The oil refinery, which was to be built over 200 acres of land, with the capacity to refine 200,000 barrels of crude oil per day, was to generate US$7 billion of exports and create 1,500 direct and 3,000 indirect jobs. The construction of the refinery was to be completed in 44 months. Four years later, in August 2023 the Cabinet of Ministers approved the proposal presented by President Ranil Wickremesinghe to cancel the agreement with the investors of the refinery as the project has not been implemented! Can they explain to the country how much money was wasted to produce that fairy tale?
It is obvious that the President, ministers, and officials had made huge blunders and had deliberately misled the public and the parliament on the revenue loss and potential investment from SLSFTA with fairy tales and false promises.
As the president himself said, a country cannot be developed by making false promises or with fairy tales and these false promises and fairy tales had bankrupted the country. “Unfortunately, many segments of the population have not come to realize this yet”.
(The writer, a specialist and an activist on trade and development issues . )
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